Metagenomic Profiling of Ocular Surface Microbiome Changes in Meibomian Gland Dysfunction

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Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2025-1-21
study design
Citation
PMID PubMed identifier for scientific articles.
DOI Digital object identifier for electronic documents.
URI
Authors
Zhao F, Zhang D, Ge C, Zhang L, Reinach PS, Tian X, Tao C, Zhao Z, Zhao C, Fu W, Zeng C, Chen W
Journal
Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
Year
2020
PURPOSE: Ocular surface microbiome changes can affect meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) development. This study aimed to delineate differences among the microbiome of eyelid skin, conjunctiva, and meibum in healthy controls (HCs) and patients afflicted with MGD. METHODS: Shotgun metagenomic analysis was used to determine if there are differences between the microbial communities in ocular sites surrounding the meibomian gland in healthy individuals and patients afflicted with MGD. RESULTS: The meibum bacterial content of these microbiomes was dissimilar in these two different types of individuals. Almost all of the most significant taxonomic changes in the meibum microbiome of individuals with MGD were also present in their eyelid skin, but not in the conjunctiva. Such site-specific microbe pattern changes accompany increases in the gene expression levels controlling carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Most of the microbiomes in patients with MGD possess a microbe population capable of metabolizing benzoate. Pathogens known to underlie ocular infection were evident in these individuals. MGD meibum contained an abundance of Campylobacter coli, Campylobacter jejuni, and Enterococcus faecium pathogens, which were almost absent from HCs. Functional annotation indicated that in the microbiomes of MGD meibum their capability to undergo chemotaxis, display immune evasive virulence, and mediate type IV secretion was different than that in the microbiomes of meibum isolated from HCs. CONCLUSIONS: MGD meibum contains distinct microbiota whose immune evasive virulence is much stronger than that in the HCs. Profiling differences between the meibum microbiome makeup in HCs and patients with MGD characterizes changes of microbial communities associated with the disease status.

Experiment 1


Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2025-1-21

Curated date: 2024/11/04

Curator: Rahila

Revision editor(s): WikiWorks, Aleru Divine, Rahila

Subjects

Location of subjects
China
Host species Species from which microbiome was sampled. Contact us to have more species added.
Homo sapiens
Body site Anatomical site where microbial samples were extracted from according to the Uber Anatomy Ontology
Meibum Tarsal gland secretion,Meibum,meibum
Condition The experimental condition / phenotype studied according to the Experimental Factor Ontology
Meibomian cyst chalazia,Chalazion,chalazion,cyst, Meibomian,Meibomian cyst,meibomian gland lipogranuloma,meibomian cyst
Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies
Healthy Control (HCs)
Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies
Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD)
Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
Patients diagnosed with Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD)
Group 0 sample size Number of subjects in the control (unexposed) group
15
Group 1 sample size Number of subjects in the case (exposed) group
61
Antibiotics exclusion Number of days without antibiotics usage (if applicable) and other antibiotics-related criteria used to exclude participants (if any)
6 months.

Lab analysis

Sequencing type
WMS
16S variable region One or more hypervariable region(s) of the bacterial 16S gene
Not specified
Sequencing platform Manufacturer and experimental platform used for quantifying microbial abundance
Illumina

Statistical Analysis

Data transformation Data transformation applied to microbial abundance measurements prior to differential abundance testing (if any).
relative abundances
Statistical test
Welch's T-Test
Significance threshold p-value or FDR threshold used for differential abundance testing (if any)
0.05
MHT correction Have statistical tests be corrected for multiple hypothesis testing (MHT)?
Yes

Alpha Diversity

Shannon Estimator of species richness and species evenness: more weight on species richness
unchanged
Chao1 Abundance-based estimator of species richness
decreased
Simpson Estimator of species richness and species evenness: more weight on species evenness
unchanged

Signature 1

Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2025-1-21

Curated date: 2024/11/05

Curator: Rahila

Revision editor(s): Rahila, Aleru Divine, WikiWorks

Source: Table 1 and Supplementary Figure S2D

Description: Pathogens with differential incidences in meibum between MGD patients and healthy controls (p<0.05)

Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD)

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Bacillus licheniformis
Campylobacter coli
Campylobacter jejuni
Enterococcus faecium
Escherichia coli
Malassezia globosa
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Pseudomonas fluorescens
Pseudomonas protegens
Ralstonia pickettii
Yarrowia lipolytica

Revision editor(s): Rahila, Aleru Divine, WikiWorks

Signature 2

Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2025-1-21

Curated date: 2025/01/21

Curator: Aleru Divine

Revision editor(s): Aleru Divine, WikiWorks

Source: Table 1 and Supplementary Figure S2D

Description: Pathogens with differential incidences in meibum between MGD patients and healthy controls (p<0.05)

Abundance in Group 1: decreased abundance in Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD)

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Pseudomonas mosselii
Enterobacter cloacae complex
Comamonas testosteroni
Serratia marcescens
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
Neisseria sicca
Neisseria meningitidis
Roseomonas gilardii
Staphylococcus capitis

Revision editor(s): Aleru Divine, WikiWorks

Experiment 2


Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2025-1-21

Curated date: 2025/01/21

Curator: Aleru Divine

Revision editor(s): Aleru Divine, WikiWorks

Differences from previous experiment shown

Subjects

Lab analysis

Statistical Analysis

Data transformation Data transformation applied to microbial abundance measurements prior to differential abundance testing (if any).
raw counts
Statistical test
DESeq2

Alpha Diversity

Shannon Estimator of species richness and species evenness: more weight on species richness
unchanged
Chao1 Abundance-based estimator of species richness
decreased
Simpson Estimator of species richness and species evenness: more weight on species evenness
unchanged

Signature 1

Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2025-1-21

Curated date: 2025/01/21

Curator: Aleru Divine

Revision editor(s): Aleru Divine, WikiWorks

Source: Supplementary Table S4

Description: Comparison of significant changes at the different taxonomic levels in meibum microbiomes of patients with MGD.

Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD)

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Acidiphilium
Acidovorax sp. KKS102
Acinetobacter guillouiae
Actinomycetota
Actinoplanes
Actinoplanes friuliensis
Aeromonas media
Alicyclobacillus
Alicyclobacillus herbarius
Allosphingosinicella indica
Amycolatopsis
Aneurinibacillus
Aneurinibacillus sp. XH2
Anoxybacillus
Aurantiacibacter gangjinensis
Azospirillum
Bacillus
Bacillus licheniformis
Bacillus smithii
Bacillus sp. oral taxon F28
Bradyrhizobium
Bradyrhizobium elkanii
Bradyrhizobium sp. BTAi1
Bradyrhizobium sp. OHSU_III
Brevibacterium
Brevibacterium siliguriense
Brucella anthropi
Campylobacter
Campylobacter coli
Campylobacter jejuni
Chryseobacterium sp. StRB126
Collimonas
Collimonas arenae
Collimonas fungivorans
Corynebacterium
Corynebacterium aurimucosum
Corynebacterium callunae
Corynebacterium camporealensis
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Corynebacterium epidermidicanis
Corynebacterium glutamicum
Corynebacterium imitans
Corynebacterium jeikeium
Corynebacterium phocae
Corynebacterium riegelii
Corynebacterium simulans
Corynebacterium sp. ATCC 6931
Corynebacterium striatum
Corynebacterium timonense
Corynebacterium urealyticum
Corynebacterium ureicelerivorans
Croceicoccus marinus
Cutibacterium
Cutibacterium avidum
Cytobacillus oceanisediminis
Delftia sp. HK171
Dermabacter
Dermabacter vaginalis
Desulfofundulus
Desulfofundulus kuznetsovii
Enterococcus
Enterococcus faecium
Erythrobacter neustonensis
Fictibacillus
Friedmanniella luteola
Geobacillus
Geobacillus genomosp. 3
Geobacillus sp. 12AMOR1
Geobacillus sp. GHH01
Geobacillus sp. LC300
Geobacillus sp. WCH70
Geobacillus sp. Y4.1MC1
Geobacillus subterraneus
Geobacillus thermodenitrificans
Geobacillus thermoleovorans
Halalkalibacterium halodurans
Herbaspirillum
Herbaspirillum autotrophicum
Herbaspirillum frisingense
Herbaspirillum hiltneri
Janthinobacterium sp. LM6
Kocuria flava
Kocuria turfanensis
Kyrpidia
Kyrpidia tusciae
Lentibacillus
Lentibacillus amyloliquefaciens
Megasphaera
Megasphaera elsdenii
Mesorhizobium opportunistum
Methylobacterium aquaticum
Methylobacterium nodulans
Mycobacterium kansasii
Novibacillus
Novibacillus thermophilus
Oceanithermus profundus
Ochrobactrum
Paenibacillus xylanexedens
Parageobacillus
Parageobacillus thermoglucosidasius
Pedobacter
Pedobacter cryoconitis
Pedobacter heparinus
Pedobacter sp. PACM 27299
Pedobacter steynii
Porphyrobacter
Propionibacterium
Pseudodesulfovibrio aespoeensis
Pseudomonas yamanorum
Pseudothermotoga lettingae
Rhizorhabdus wittichii
Rhodococcoides fascians
Rhodococcus sp. PBTS 1
Rubrobacter
Rubrobacter radiotolerans
Rubrobacter xylanophilus
Samunavirus
Samunavirus SM1
Shouchella lehensis
Sphingobium
Sphingobium baderi
Sphingobium chlorophenolicum
Sphingobium chungbukense
Sphingobium cloacae
Sphingobium indicum
Sphingobium sp. EP60837
Sphingobium sp. MI1205
Sphingobium sp. RAC03
Sphingobium sp. SYK-6
Sphingobium sp. TKS
Sphingobium sp. YBL2
Sphingomonas
Sphingomonas echinoides
Sphingomonas koreensis
Sphingomonas melonis
Sphingomonas panacis
Sphingomonas paucimobilis
Sphingomonas sanxanigenens
Sphingomonas sp.
Sphingomonas sp. 007
Sphingomonas sp. 037
Sphingomonas sp. 664
Sphingomonas sp. KC8
Sphingomonas sp. LK11
Sphingomonas sp. LM7
Sphingomonas sp. MM-1
Sphingomonas sp. NIC1
Sphingomonas sp. NX-3
Sphingomonas sp. SL9
Sphingomonas taxi
Sphingopyxis fribergensis
Sphingopyxis granuli
Streptomyces
Streptomyces sp. CFMR 7
Sulfurihydrogenibium
Sulfurihydrogenibium sp. YO3AOP1
Terribacillus
Terribacillus aidingensis
Thermincola
Thermincola potens
Thermoanaerobacterium
Thermobaculum
Thermobaculum terrenum
Thermus scotoductus
Ureibacillus
Ureibacillus thermosphaericus
Xylanimonas
Xylanimonas cellulosilytica
cotton phyllosphere bacterium M
uncultured Alphaproteobacteria bacterium
uncultured Halomonas sp.
uncultured Sphingomonas sp.
uncultured beta proteobacterium
uncultured organism
Sphingomonas hengshuiensis

Revision editor(s): Aleru Divine, WikiWorks

Signature 2

Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2025-1-21

Curated date: 2025/01/21

Curator: Aleru Divine

Revision editor(s): Aleru Divine, WikiWorks

Source: Supplementary Table S4

Description: Comparison of significant changes at the different taxonomic levels in meibum microbiomes of patients with MGD.

Abundance in Group 1: decreased abundance in Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD)

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Bacteroidota
Diaphorobacter
Neisseria
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Phocaeicola salanitronis
Pseudomonadota
Pseudomonas
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Pseudomonas alkylphenolica
Pseudomonas asplenii
Pseudomonas azotoformans
Pseudomonas brassicacearum
Pseudomonas brenneri
Pseudomonas chlororaphis
Pseudomonas fluorescens
Pseudomonas glycinae
Pseudomonas granadensis
Pseudomonas rhodesiae
Pseudomonas sp. A214
Pseudomonas sp. B10
Pseudomonas sp. DR 5-09
Pseudomonas tolaasii
Pseudomonas veronii
Pseudomonas viridiflava
Roseomonas
Staphylococcus capitis
Streptococcus salivarius
Vibrio
Xylella
Pseudomonas synxantha
Pseudomonas orientalis
Pseudomonas extremaustralis
Pseudomonas poae
Pseudomonas reinekei
Pseudomonas trivialis
Pseudomonas libanensis
Pseudomonas cedrina
Metapseudomonas resinovorans
Pseudomonas sp. bs2935
Pseudomonas sp. WCS374
Pseudomonas koreensis
Pseudomonas extremorientalis
Pseudomonas mucidolens
Pseudomonas antarctica
Pseudomonas lini
Pseudomonas sp. GR 6-02
uncultured Pseudomonas sp.
Pseudomonas corrugata
Pseudomonas prosekii
Pseudomonas simiae
Pseudomonas izuensis
Pseudomonas agarici
Pseudomonas vancouverensis
Pseudomonas frederiksbergensis
Pseudomonas arsenicoxydans
Pseudomonas thivervalensis
Pseudomonas cichorii
Agaricus bisporus virus X

Revision editor(s): Aleru Divine, WikiWorks

Experiment 3


Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2025-1-21

Curated date: 2025/01/21

Curator: Aleru Divine

Revision editor(s): Aleru Divine, WikiWorks

Differences from previous experiment shown

Subjects

Body site Anatomical site where microbial samples were extracted from according to the Uber Anatomy Ontology
Skin of eyelid Blepharon zone of skin,Eyelid skin,Eyelid zone of skin,Zone of skin of blepharon,Zone of skin of eyelid,Skin of eyelid,skin of eyelid


Lab analysis

Statistical Analysis

Alpha Diversity

Shannon Estimator of species richness and species evenness: more weight on species richness
unchanged
Chao1 Abundance-based estimator of species richness
decreased
Simpson Estimator of species richness and species evenness: more weight on species evenness
unchanged

Signature 1

Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2025-1-21

Curated date: 2025/01/21

Curator: Aleru Divine

Revision editor(s): Aleru Divine, WikiWorks

Source: Supplementary Table S4

Description: Comparison of significant changes at the different taxonomic levels in the eyelid skin microbiomes of patients with MGD.

Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD)

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Acinetobacter baumannii
Actinomyces
Actinomyces naeslundii
Actinomyces oris
Actinomyces pacaensis
Aerococcus
Alicyclobacillus
Alicyclobacillus herbarius
Altererythrobacter
Amycolatopsis
Arcanobacterium
Aurantiacibacter gangjinensis
Bacillota
Bacillus licheniformis
Betapapillomavirus
Bosea
Bosea vaviloviae
Bradyrhizobium sp. BTAi1
Brevibacterium
Brevibacterium siliguriense
Brevundimonas subvibrioides
Campylobacter
Campylobacter coli
Campylobacter jejuni
Chlamydiota
Chryseobacterium gallinarum
Chryseobacterium sp. StRB126
Corynebacterium
Corynebacterium argentoratense
Corynebacterium aurimucosum
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Corynebacterium glutamicum
Corynebacterium humireducens
Corynebacterium imitans
Corynebacterium jeikeium
Corynebacterium phocae
Corynebacterium simulans
Corynebacterium singulare
Corynebacterium sp. ATCC 6931
Corynebacterium striatum
Corynebacterium timonense
Corynebacterium urealyticum
Croceicoccus marinus
Cutibacterium avidum
Cutibacterium modestum
Cyanobacteriota
Deinococcota
Deinococcus
Deinococcus actinosclerus
Deinococcus proteolyticus
Deinococcus radiodurans
Dermacoccus nishinomiyaensis
Elizabethkingia
Elizabethkingia anophelis
Enterococcus faecium
Filimonas lacunae
Flavisolibacter
Kocuria flava
Lentibacillus
Lentibacillus amyloliquefaciens
Microbacterium
Microlunatus
Microvirga
Novibacillus
Novibacillus thermophilus
Oceanithermus profundus
Ottowia
Ottowia sp. oral taxon 894
Paenibacillus xylanexedens
Pantoea
Parageobacillus
Parageobacillus thermoglucosidasius
Pauljensenia hongkongensis
Prevotella scopos
Propionibacterium
Propionibacterium freudenreichii
Rhizorhabdus wittichii
Rubrobacter
Rubrobacter radiotolerans
Rubrobacter xylanophilus
Sphingobium chungbukense
Sphingobium sp. EP60837
Sphingobium sp. YBL2
Sphingomonas echinoides
Sphingomonas hengshuiensis
Sphingomonas panacis
Sphingomonas sp. 007
Sphingomonas sp. 664
Sphingomonas sp. LM7
Sphingomonas sp. SL9
Spirochaetota
Staphylococcus haemolyticus
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Streptococcus cristatus
Streptococcus gordonii
Streptococcus intermedius
Streptococcus oralis
Streptococcus sp. oral taxon 064
Streptococcus suis
Tessaracoccus
Trueperella pyogenes
cotton phyllosphere bacterium M
uncultured organism
Kineococcus
Chroococcidiopsis
Thermomonospora
Filimonas
Oceanithermus
Chryseobacterium indologenes
Microbacterium aurum
Elizabethkingia bruuniana
Tessaracoccus aquimaris
Streptococcus sp. VT 162
Deinococcus deserti
Kineococcus radiotolerans
Aerococcus urinaeequi
Deinococcus gobiensis
Tessaracoccus flavescens
Microvirga ossetica
Corynebacterium casei
Bosea sp. AS-1
Deinococcus puniceus
Corynebacterium flavescens
Paraurantiacibacter namhicola
Flavisolibacter tropicus
Sphingobacterium sp. PM2-P1-29
Bosea sp. RAC05
Citromicrobium sp. JL477
Deinococcus maricopensis
Altererythrobacter epoxidivorans
Sphingopyxis macrogoltabida
Thermomonospora curvata
uncultured bacterium PGSL07
Paracidovorax citrulli

Revision editor(s): Aleru Divine, WikiWorks

Signature 2

Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2025-1-21

Curated date: 2025/01/21

Curator: Aleru Divine

Revision editor(s): Aleru Divine, WikiWorks

Source: Supplementary Table S4

Description: Comparison of significant changes at the different taxonomic levels in the eyelid skin microbiomes of patients with MGD.

Abundance in Group 1: decreased abundance in Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD)

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Candidatus Cloacimonadota
Mycoplasmatota
Pseudomonadota
Rhodopseudomonas

Revision editor(s): Aleru Divine, WikiWorks