The human gut microbiota and glucose metabolism: a scoping review of key bacteria and the potential role of SCFAs

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study design
Citation
PMID PubMed identifier for scientific articles.
DOI Digital object identifier for electronic documents.
URI
Authors
Palmnäs-Bédard MSA, Costabile G, Vetrani C, Åberg S, Hjalmarsson Y, Dicksved J, Riccardi G, Landberg R
Journal
The American journal of clinical nutrition
Year
2022
Keywords:
diet–gut microbiota interactions, glucose metabolism, gut microbiota, humans, insulin resistance, microbial metabolites, precision nutrition, prediabetes, short-chain fatty acids, type 2 diabetes prevention
The gut microbiota plays a fundamental role in human nutrition and metabolism and may have direct implications for type 2 diabetes and associated preconditions. An improved understanding of relations between human gut microbiota and glucose metabolism could lead to novel opportunities for type 2 diabetes prevention, but human observational studies reporting on such findings have not been extensively reviewed. Here, we review the literature on associations between gut microbiota and markers and stages of glucose dysregulation and insulin resistance in healthy adults and in adults with metabolic disease and risk factors. We present the current evidence for identified key bacteria and their potential roles in glucose metabolism independent of overweight, obesity, and metabolic drugs. We provide support for SCFAs mediating such effects and discuss the role of diet, as well as metabolites derived from diet and gut microbiota interactions. From 5983 initially identified PubMed records, 45 original studies were eligible and reviewed. α Diversity and 45 bacterial taxa were associated with selected outcomes. Six taxa were most frequently associated with glucose metabolism: Akkermansia muciniphila, Bifidobacterium longum, Clostridium leptum group, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, and Faecalibacterium (inversely associated) and Dorea (directly associated). For Dorea and A. muciniphila, associations were independent of metabolic drugs and body measures. For A. muciniphila and F. prausnitzii, limited evidence supported SCFA mediation of potential effects on glucose metabolism. We conclude that observational studies applying metagenomics sequencing to identify species-level relations are warranted, as are studies accounting for confounding factors and investigating SCFA and postprandial glucose metabolism. Such advances in the field will, together with mechanistic and prospective studies and investigations into diet-gut microbiota interactions, have the potential to bring critical insight into roles of gut microbiota and microbial metabolites in human glucose metabolism and to contribute toward the development of novel prevention strategies for type 2 diabetes, including precision nutrition.

Experiment 1


Needs review

Curated date: 2025/02/03

Curator: Aleru Divine

Revision editor(s): Aleru Divine, WikiWorks

Subjects

Location of subjects
Australia
Brazil
China
Denmark
Finland
France
Ghana
Greece
India
Iran
Ireland
Israel
Jamaica
Japan
Mexico
Poland
South Africa
South Korea
Spain
Sweden
United Kingdom
United States of America
Taiwan
Host species Species from which microbiome was sampled. Contact us to have more species added.
Homo sapiens
Body site Anatomical site where microbial samples were extracted from according to the Uber Anatomy Ontology
Feces Cow dung,Cow pat,Droppings,Dung,Excrement,Excreta,Faeces,Fecal material,Fecal matter,Fewmet,Frass,Guano,Matières fécales@fr,Merde@fr,Ordure,Partie de la merde@fr,Piece of shit,Porción de mierda@es,Portion of dung,Portion of excrement,Portion of faeces,Portion of fecal material,Portion of fecal matter,Portion of feces,Portion of guano,Portion of scat,Portionem cacas,Scat,Spoor,Spraint,Stool,Teil der fäkalien@de,Feces,feces
Condition The experimental condition / phenotype studied according to the Experimental Factor Ontology
Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies
Bacteria associated with glucose metabolism outcomes
Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies
Bacteria associated with glucose metabolism outcomes
Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
Relationship between the human gut microbiota and glucose metabolism
Group 0 sample size Number of subjects in the control (unexposed) group
45
Group 1 sample size Number of subjects in the case (exposed) group
45
16S variable region One or more hypervariable region(s) of the bacterial 16S gene
Not specified

Statistical Analysis

MHT correction Have statistical tests be corrected for multiple hypothesis testing (MHT)?
Yes


Signature 1

Needs review

Curated date: 2025/02/03

Curator: Aleru Divine

Revision editor(s): Aleru Divine, WikiWorks

Source: Table 1

Description: Summary of reported associations between bacteria on different taxonomic levels and glucose-related outcomes

Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Bacteria associated with glucose metabolism outcomes

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Anaerostipes
Bacillota
Blautia obeum
Enterocloster bolteae
Escherichia coli
Escherichia/Shigella sp.
Faecalibacterium prausnitzii
Lactobacillus
Megasphaera
Oscillospiraceae
Slackia
Streptococcus salivarius
Synergistota
Veillonellaceae
[Clostridium] leptum
Enterobacteriaceae

Revision editor(s): Aleru Divine, WikiWorks

Signature 2

Needs review

Curated date: 2025/02/03

Curator: Aleru Divine

Revision editor(s): Aleru Divine, WikiWorks

Source: Table 1

Description: Summary of reported associations between bacteria on different taxonomic levels and glucose-related outcomes

Abundance in Group 1: decreased abundance in Bacteria associated with glucose metabolism outcomes

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Bacteroidota
Bacillota
Christensenellaceae
Oscillospiraceae
Akkermansia
Alistipes
Bacteroides
Blautia
Faecalibacterium
Parasutterella
Prevotella
Ruminococcus
Akkermansia muciniphila
Bifidobacterium longum
Blautia coccoides
[Clostridium] leptum
Dialister invisus
Faecalibacterium prausnitzii
Haemophilus parainfluenzae
Intestinibacter bartlettii

Revision editor(s): Aleru Divine, WikiWorks

Experiment 2


Needs review

Curated date: 2025/02/03

Curator: Aleru Divine

Revision editor(s): Aleru Divine, WikiWorks

Differences from previous experiment shown

Subjects

Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
Relationship between the human gut microbiota and glucose metabolism, adjusted for body measures.


Statistical Analysis

Confounders controlled for Confounding factors that have been accounted for by stratification or model adjustment
body mass index, body weight, waist circumference, Confounders controlled for: "body fat percentage" is not in the list (abnormal glucose tolerance, acetaldehyde, acute graft vs. host disease, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, adenoma, age, AIDS, alcohol consumption measurement, alcohol drinking, ...) of allowed values.body fat percentage, Confounders controlled for: "waist-to-hip ratio" is not in the list (abnormal glucose tolerance, acetaldehyde, acute graft vs. host disease, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, adenoma, age, AIDS, alcohol consumption measurement, alcohol drinking, ...) of allowed values.waist-to-hip ratio


Signature 1

Needs review

Curated date: 2025/02/03

Curator: Aleru Divine

Revision editor(s): Aleru Divine, WikiWorks

Source: Table 1

Description: Summary of reported associations between bacteria on different taxonomic levels and glucose-related outcomes adjusted for body measures.

Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Bacteria associated with glucose metabolism outcomes

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Synergistota
Enterobacteriaceae
Lachnospiraceae
Oscillospiraceae
Veillonellaceae
Bacteroides
Blautia
Dorea
Faecalibacterium
Lactobacillus
Megasphaera
Prevotella
Slackia
Streptococcus
Blautia obeum
Blautia wexlerae
Escherichia coli
Enterocloster bolteae
Faecalibacterium prausnitzii
Megasphaera elsdenii
Mediterraneibacter gnavus
Streptococcus salivarius

Revision editor(s): Aleru Divine, WikiWorks

Signature 2

Needs review

Curated date: 2025/02/03

Curator: Aleru Divine

Revision editor(s): Aleru Divine, WikiWorks

Source: Table 1

Description: Summary of reported associations between bacteria on different taxonomic levels and glucose-related outcomes adjusted for body measures.

Abundance in Group 1: decreased abundance in Bacteria associated with glucose metabolism outcomes

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Eubacteriales
Christensenellaceae
Veillonellaceae
Bacteroides
Faecalibacterium
Prevotella
Ruminococcus
Akkermansia muciniphila
Bifidobacterium longum
Blautia obeum
[Clostridium] leptum
Dialister invisus
Faecalibacterium prausnitzii
Haemophilus parainfluenzae
Intestinibacter bartlettii

Revision editor(s): Aleru Divine, WikiWorks

Experiment 3


Needs review

Curated date: 2025/02/03

Curator: Aleru Divine

Revision editor(s): Aleru Divine, WikiWorks

Differences from previous experiment shown

Subjects

Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
Relationship between the human gut microbiota and glucose metabolism, adjusted for metabolic drugs.


Statistical Analysis

Confounders controlled for Confounding factors that have been accounted for by stratification or model adjustment
Confounders controlled for: "antidiabetic drugs" is not in the list (abnormal glucose tolerance, acetaldehyde, acute graft vs. host disease, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, adenoma, age, AIDS, alcohol consumption measurement, alcohol drinking, ...) of allowed values.antidiabetic drugs, Confounders controlled for: "blood pressure lowering drugs" is not in the list (abnormal glucose tolerance, acetaldehyde, acute graft vs. host disease, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, adenoma, age, AIDS, alcohol consumption measurement, alcohol drinking, ...) of allowed values.blood pressure lowering drugs, Confounders controlled for: "blood lipids lowering drugs" is not in the list (abnormal glucose tolerance, acetaldehyde, acute graft vs. host disease, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, adenoma, age, AIDS, alcohol consumption measurement, alcohol drinking, ...) of allowed values.blood lipids lowering drugs


Signature 1

Needs review

Curated date: 2025/02/03

Curator: Aleru Divine

Revision editor(s): Aleru Divine, WikiWorks

Source: Table 1

Description: Summary of reported associations between bacteria on different taxonomic levels and glucose-related outcomes adjusted for metabolic drugs.

Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Bacteria associated with glucose metabolism outcomes

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Bacillota
Synergistota
Eubacteriales
Lachnospiraceae
Oscillospiraceae
Bacteroides
Blautia
Clostridium
Dorea
Faecalibacterium
Lactobacillus
Megasphaera
Prevotella
Slackia
Streptococcus
Blautia obeum
Blautia wexlerae
Escherichia coli
Enterocloster bolteae
Faecalibacterium prausnitzii
Megasphaera elsdenii
Mediterraneibacter gnavus

Revision editor(s): Aleru Divine, WikiWorks

Signature 2

Needs review

Curated date: 2025/02/03

Curator: Aleru Divine

Revision editor(s): Aleru Divine, WikiWorks

Source: Table 1

Description: Summary of reported associations between bacteria on different taxonomic levels and glucose-related outcomes adjusted for metabolic drugs.

Abundance in Group 1: decreased abundance in Bacteria associated with glucose metabolism outcomes

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Bacillota
Eubacteriales
Christensenellaceae
Lachnospiraceae
Oscillospiraceae
Akkermansia
Bacteroides
Blautia
Clostridium
Faecalibacterium
Prevotella
Ruminococcus
Akkermansia muciniphila
Bifidobacterium longum
Blautia coccoides
Blautia obeum
[Clostridium] leptum
Dialister invisus
Faecalibacterium prausnitzii
Intestinibacter bartlettii

Revision editor(s): Aleru Divine, WikiWorks

Experiment 4


Needs review

Curated date: 2025/02/03

Curator: Aleru Divine

Revision editor(s): Aleru Divine, WikiWorks

Differences from previous experiment shown

Subjects

Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies
Bacteria associated with postprandial glucose
Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies
Bacteria associated with postprandial glucose
Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
Relationship between the human gut microbiota and postprandial glucose.


Statistical Analysis

Confounders controlled for Confounding factors that have been accounted for by stratification or model adjustment
Not specified


Signature 1

Needs review

Curated date: 2025/02/03

Curator: Aleru Divine

Revision editor(s): Aleru Divine, WikiWorks

Source: Table 1

Description: Summary of reported associations between bacteria on different taxonomic levels and postprandial glucose.

Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Bacteria associated with postprandial glucose

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Enterobacteriaceae
Mediterraneibacter gnavus

Revision editor(s): Aleru Divine, WikiWorks

Signature 2

Needs review

Curated date: 2025/02/03

Curator: Aleru Divine

Revision editor(s): Aleru Divine, WikiWorks

Source: Table 1

Description: Summary of reported associations between bacteria on different taxonomic levels and postprandial glucose.

Abundance in Group 1: decreased abundance in Bacteria associated with postprandial glucose

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Haemophilus parainfluenzae

Revision editor(s): Aleru Divine, WikiWorks

Experiment 5


Needs review

Curated date: 2025/02/03

Curator: Aleru Divine

Revision editor(s): Aleru Divine, WikiWorks

Differences from previous experiment shown

Subjects

Condition The experimental condition / phenotype studied according to the Experimental Factor Ontology
Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies
Bacteria associated with insulin-related outcomes
Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies
Bacteria associated with insulin-related outcomes
Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
Relationship between the human gut microbiota and insulin-related outcomes.


Statistical Analysis

Signature 1

Needs review

Curated date: 2025/02/03

Curator: Aleru Divine

Revision editor(s): Aleru Divine, WikiWorks

Source: Table 2

Description: Summary of reported associations between bacteria on different taxonomic levels and insulin-related outcomes.

Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Bacteria associated with insulin-related outcomes

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Pseudomonadota
Prevotella

Revision editor(s): Aleru Divine, WikiWorks

Signature 2

Needs review

Curated date: 2025/02/03

Curator: Aleru Divine

Revision editor(s): Aleru Divine, WikiWorks

Source: Table 2

Description: Summary of reported associations between bacteria on different taxonomic levels and insulin-related outcomes.

Abundance in Group 1: decreased abundance in Bacteria associated with insulin-related outcomes

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Bacteroidota
Bacillota
Oscillospiraceae
Bifidobacterium
Akkermansia muciniphila
Bacteroides intestinalis
Bifidobacterium longum
[Clostridium] leptum
Faecalibacterium prausnitzii

Revision editor(s): Aleru Divine, WikiWorks

Experiment 6


Needs review

Curated date: 2025/02/03

Curator: Aleru Divine

Revision editor(s): Aleru Divine, WikiWorks

Differences from previous experiment shown

Subjects

Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
Relationship between the human gut microbiota and insulin-related outcomes, adjusted for body measures.


Statistical Analysis

Confounders controlled for Confounding factors that have been accounted for by stratification or model adjustment
body mass index, body weight, waist circumference, Confounders controlled for: "body fat percentage" is not in the list (abnormal glucose tolerance, acetaldehyde, acute graft vs. host disease, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, adenoma, age, AIDS, alcohol consumption measurement, alcohol drinking, ...) of allowed values.body fat percentage, Confounders controlled for: "waist-to-hip ratio" is not in the list (abnormal glucose tolerance, acetaldehyde, acute graft vs. host disease, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, adenoma, age, AIDS, alcohol consumption measurement, alcohol drinking, ...) of allowed values.waist-to-hip ratio


Signature 1

Needs review

Curated date: 2025/02/03

Curator: Aleru Divine

Revision editor(s): Aleru Divine, WikiWorks

Source: Table 2

Description: Summary of reported associations between bacteria on different taxonomic levels and insulin-related outcomes adjusted for body measures.

Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Bacteria associated with insulin-related outcomes

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Bacteroidota
Pseudomonadota

Revision editor(s): Aleru Divine, WikiWorks

Signature 2

Needs review

Curated date: 2025/02/03

Curator: Aleru Divine

Revision editor(s): Aleru Divine, WikiWorks

Source: Table 2

Description: Summary of reported associations between bacteria on different taxonomic levels and insulin-related outcomes adjusted for body measures.

Abundance in Group 1: decreased abundance in Bacteria associated with insulin-related outcomes

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Bacillota
Pseudomonadota
Clostridiaceae
Bifidobacterium
Clostridium
Akkermansia muciniphila
Bifidobacterium longum
Blautia coccoides
[Clostridium] leptum
Faecalibacterium prausnitzii

Revision editor(s): Aleru Divine, WikiWorks

Experiment 7


Needs review

Curated date: 2025/02/03

Curator: Aleru Divine

Revision editor(s): Aleru Divine, WikiWorks

Differences from previous experiment shown

Subjects

Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
Relationship between the human gut microbiota and insulin-related outcomes, adjusted for metabolic drugs.


Statistical Analysis

Confounders controlled for Confounding factors that have been accounted for by stratification or model adjustment
Confounders controlled for: "antidiabetic drugs" is not in the list (abnormal glucose tolerance, acetaldehyde, acute graft vs. host disease, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, adenoma, age, AIDS, alcohol consumption measurement, alcohol drinking, ...) of allowed values.antidiabetic drugs, Confounders controlled for: "blood pressure lowering drugs" is not in the list (abnormal glucose tolerance, acetaldehyde, acute graft vs. host disease, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, adenoma, age, AIDS, alcohol consumption measurement, alcohol drinking, ...) of allowed values.blood pressure lowering drugs, Confounders controlled for: "blood lipids lowering drugs" is not in the list (abnormal glucose tolerance, acetaldehyde, acute graft vs. host disease, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, adenoma, age, AIDS, alcohol consumption measurement, alcohol drinking, ...) of allowed values.blood lipids lowering drugs


Signature 1

Needs review

Curated date: 2025/02/03

Curator: Aleru Divine

Revision editor(s): Aleru Divine, WikiWorks

Source: Table 2

Description: Summary of reported associations between bacteria on different taxonomic levels and insulin-related outcomes adjusted for metabolic drugs.

Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Bacteria associated with insulin-related outcomes

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Bacillota
Eubacteriales
Lachnospiraceae
Blautia
Clostridium

Revision editor(s): Aleru Divine, WikiWorks

Signature 2

Needs review

Curated date: 2025/02/03

Curator: Aleru Divine

Revision editor(s): Aleru Divine, WikiWorks

Source: Table 2

Description: Summary of reported associations between bacteria on different taxonomic levels and insulin-related outcomes adjusted for metabolic drugs.

Abundance in Group 1: decreased abundance in Bacteria associated with insulin-related outcomes

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Bacillota
Pseudomonadota
Eubacteriales
Clostridiaceae
Lachnospiraceae
Oscillospiraceae
Bifidobacterium
Clostridium
Akkermansia muciniphila
Bacteroides intestinalis
Bifidobacterium longum
Blautia coccoides
[Clostridium] leptum
Faecalibacterium prausnitzii

Revision editor(s): Aleru Divine, WikiWorks

Experiment 8


Needs review

Curated date: 2025/02/03

Curator: Aleru Divine

Revision editor(s): Aleru Divine, WikiWorks

Differences from previous experiment shown

Subjects

Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies
Bacteria associated with postprandial insulin
Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies
Bacteria associated with postprandial insulin
Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
Relationship between the human gut microbiota and postprandial insulin.


Statistical Analysis

Confounders controlled for Confounding factors that have been accounted for by stratification or model adjustment
Not specified


Signature 1

Needs review

Curated date: 2025/02/03

Curator: Aleru Divine

Revision editor(s): Aleru Divine, WikiWorks

Source: Table 2

Description: Summary of reported associations between bacteria on different taxonomic levels and insulin-related outcomes.

Abundance in Group 1: decreased abundance in Bacteria associated with postprandial insulin

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Faecalibacterium prausnitzii

Revision editor(s): Aleru Divine, WikiWorks