Dysbiosis of infant gut microbiota is related to the altered fatty acid composition of human milk from mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus: a prospective cohort study
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Study information
-
Quality control
- Retracted paper
- Contamination issues suspected
- Batch effect issues suspected
- Uncontrolled confounding suspected
- Results are suspect (various reasons)
- Tags applied
study design
Citation
PMID PubMed identifier for scientific articles.
DOI Digital object identifier for electronic documents.
URI
Authors
Li K, Jin J, Liu Z, Chen C, Huang L, Sun Y
Journal
Gut microbes
Year
2025
Keywords:
Gut microbiota, gestational diabetes mellitus, human milk, infant, lactation
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is known to be associated with dysbiosis of offspring gut microbiota, but the mechanism remains unclear. The present prospective study explored the role of human milk fatty acid composition in this association. Mothers with GDM and normal controls were recruited at 24-28 gestational weeks. Follow-up was conducted at 1-3 days postpartum and 1 month postpartum to collect human milk and infant feces. A total of 80 mother-infant pairs (40 in the GDM group and 40 in the normal group) were included in the study. The mothers received guidance on diet and exercise but not drug therapy. All infants were exclusively breastfed. We observed significant differences in 8 phyla and 13 genera in the infant between GDM and normal groups at 1-3 days postpartum or 1 month postpartum. Among these bacteria, significant time × group interaction was observed for 7 phyla (such as Acidobacteriota, Gemmatimonadota, and Myxococcota) and 9 genera (such as Sphingomonas, Allorhizobium Neorhizobium Pararhizobium Rhizobium, and TM7a), after adjusting for confounding factors. Changes in these differential infant bacteria were negatively correlated with changes in C18:3n-3 and total n-3 PUFA levels of breast milk. The increases in C18:3n-3 and total n-3 PUFA levels in human milk over time were much greater in the normal group compared to the GDM group. Our findings indicate that altered human milk fatty acid composition is one important reason for GDM-related dysbiosis of offspring gut microbiota.
Experiment 1
Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2025-3-26
Subjects
- Location of subjects
- China
- Host species Species from which microbiome was sampled. Contact us to have more species added.
- Homo sapiens
- Body site Anatomical site where microbial samples were extracted from according to the Uber Anatomy Ontology
- Colostrum Colostrum,colostrum
- Condition The experimental condition / phenotype studied according to the Experimental Factor Ontology
- Gestational diabetes diabetes in pregnancy,GDM,gestational diabetes,gestational diabetes mellitus,maternal gestational diabetes mellitus,Gestational diabetes
- Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies
- Normal group 0 (1-3 days after delivery)
- Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies
- Gestational diabetes mellitus group 0 (GDM0) (1-3 days after delivery)
- Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
- Pregnant women with GDM (gestational diabetes mellitus) 1-3 days postpartum
- Group 0 sample size Number of subjects in the control (unexposed) group
- 48
- Group 1 sample size Number of subjects in the case (exposed) group
- 45
- Antibiotics exclusion Number of days without antibiotics usage (if applicable) and other antibiotics-related criteria used to exclude participants (if any)
- 3 months
Lab analysis
- Sequencing type
- 16S
- 16S variable region One or more hypervariable region(s) of the bacterial 16S gene
- V3-V4
- Sequencing platform Manufacturer and experimental platform used for quantifying microbial abundance
- Illumina
Statistical Analysis
- Data transformation Data transformation applied to microbial abundance measurements prior to differential abundance testing (if any).
- relative abundances
- Statistical test
- Welch's T-Test
- Significance threshold p-value or FDR threshold used for differential abundance testing (if any)
- 0.05
- MHT correction Have statistical tests be corrected for multiple hypothesis testing (MHT)?
- Yes
Alpha Diversity
- Shannon Estimator of species richness and species evenness: more weight on species richness
- unchanged
- Chao1 Abundance-based estimator of species richness
- unchanged
- Simpson Estimator of species richness and species evenness: more weight on species evenness
- unchanged
- Richness Number of species
- unchanged
Signature 1
Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2025-3-26
Source: Figure 5A and 5B
Description: Differential bacteria between Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and normal groups at levels of phylum (A) and genus (B) at 1–3 days postpartum [Gestational diabetes mellitus0 (GDM0) and Normal0]
Abundance in Group 1: decreased abundance in Gestational diabetes mellitus group 0 (GDM0) (1-3 days after delivery)
Revision editor(s): Tosin
Experiment 2
Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2025-3-26
Differences from previous experiment shown
Subjects
- Body site Anatomical site where microbial samples were extracted from according to the Uber Anatomy Ontology
- Milk Mammary gland milk,Milk,milk
- Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies
- Normal group 1 (1 month postpartum)
- Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies
- Gestational diabetes mellitus group 1 (GDM1) (1 month postpartum)
- Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
- Pregnant women with GDM (gestational diabetes mellitus) 1 month postpartum
- Group 0 sample size Number of subjects in the control (unexposed) group
- 40
- Group 1 sample size Number of subjects in the case (exposed) group
- 40
Lab analysis
Statistical Analysis
Alpha Diversity
- Shannon Estimator of species richness and species evenness: more weight on species richness
- unchanged
- Chao1 Abundance-based estimator of species richness
- increased
- Simpson Estimator of species richness and species evenness: more weight on species evenness
- unchanged
- Richness Number of species
- increased
Signature 1
Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2025-3-26
Source: Figure 5A and 5B
Description: Differential bacteria between Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and normal groups at levels of phylum (A) and genus (B) at 1 month postpartum [Gestational diabetes mellitus1 (GDM1) and Normal1]
Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Gestational diabetes mellitus group 1 (GDM1) (1 month postpartum)
Revision editor(s): Tosin
Experiment 3
Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2025-3-26
Differences from previous experiment shown
Subjects
- Body site Anatomical site where microbial samples were extracted from according to the Uber Anatomy Ontology
- Colostrum Colostrum,colostrum
- Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies
- Normal group 0 (1-3 days after delivery)
- Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies
- Gestational diabetes mellitus group 0 (GDM) (1-3 days after delivery)
- Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
- Pregnant women with GDM (gestational diabetes mellitus) 1-3 days postpartum
- Group 0 sample size Number of subjects in the control (unexposed) group
- 48
- Group 1 sample size Number of subjects in the case (exposed) group
- 45
Lab analysis
Statistical Analysis
- Statistical test
- Linear Regression
- Confounders controlled for Confounding factors that have been accounted for by stratification or model adjustment
- birth weight, body mass index, Confounders controlled for: "birth length" is not in the list (abnormal glucose tolerance, acetaldehyde, acute graft vs. host disease, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, adenoma, age, AIDS, alcohol consumption measurement, alcohol drinking, ...) of allowed values.birth length, Confounders controlled for: "maternal dietary carbohydrate" is not in the list (abnormal glucose tolerance, acetaldehyde, acute graft vs. host disease, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, adenoma, age, AIDS, alcohol consumption measurement, alcohol drinking, ...) of allowed values.maternal dietary carbohydrate, Confounders controlled for: "dietary fibre intake" is not in the list (abnormal glucose tolerance, acetaldehyde, acute graft vs. host disease, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, adenoma, age, AIDS, alcohol consumption measurement, alcohol drinking, ...) of allowed values.dietary fibre intake
Alpha Diversity
- Shannon Estimator of species richness and species evenness: more weight on species richness
- unchanged
- Chao1 Abundance-based estimator of species richness
- unchanged
- Simpson Estimator of species richness and species evenness: more weight on species evenness
- unchanged
- Richness Number of species
- unchanged
Signature 1
Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2025-3-26
Source: Table 3
Description: Differential bacteria between GDM and normal groups with a p-time×group interaction < 0.05.
Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Gestational diabetes mellitus group 0 (GDM) (1-3 days after delivery)
| NCBI | Quality Control | Links |
|---|---|---|
| unclassified Paracoccaceae |
Revision editor(s): Tosin
Signature 2
Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2025-3-26
Source: Table 3
Description: Differential bacteria between GDM and normal groups with a p-time×group interaction < 0.05.
Abundance in Group 1: decreased abundance in Gestational diabetes mellitus group 0 (GDM) (1-3 days after delivery)
Revision editor(s): Tosin
Experiment 4
Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2025-3-26
Differences from previous experiment shown
Subjects
- Body site Anatomical site where microbial samples were extracted from according to the Uber Anatomy Ontology
- Milk Mammary gland milk,Milk,milk
- Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies
- Normal group 1 (1 month postpartum)
- Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies
- Gestational diabetes mellitus group 1 (GDM) (1 month postpartum)
- Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
- Pregnant women with GDM (gestational diabetes mellitus) 1 month postpartum
- Group 0 sample size Number of subjects in the control (unexposed) group
- 40
- Group 1 sample size Number of subjects in the case (exposed) group
- 40
Lab analysis
Statistical Analysis
Alpha Diversity
- Shannon Estimator of species richness and species evenness: more weight on species richness
- unchanged
- Chao1 Abundance-based estimator of species richness
- increased
- Simpson Estimator of species richness and species evenness: more weight on species evenness
- unchanged
- Richness Number of species
- increased
Signature 1
Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2025-3-26
Source: Table 3
Description: Differential bacteria between GDM and normal groups with a p-time×group interaction < 0.05.
Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Gestational diabetes mellitus group 1 (GDM) (1 month postpartum)
Revision editor(s): Tosin
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