Effects of vaginal microbiota on in vitro fertilization outcomes in women with different infertility causes
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Study information
-
Quality control
- Retracted paper
- Contamination issues suspected
- Batch effect issues suspected
- Uncontrolled confounding suspected
- Results are suspect (various reasons)
- Tags applied
study design
Citation
PMID PubMed identifier for scientific articles.
DOI Digital object identifier for electronic documents.
URI Uniform resource identifier for web resources.
Authors
Zhao H, Wang C, Narsing Rao MP, Rafiq M, Luo G, Li S, Kang Y-Q
Journal
Microbiology spectrum
Year
2025
Keywords:
embryo transfer, in vitro fertilization, infertility, intracytoplasmic sperm injection, vaginal microbiota, vaginal swab
UNLABELLED: Backed by advancements in technologies like microbial sequencing, many studies indicate that the vaginal microbiome is a key marker of female reproductive health. However, further studies are still needed to investigate the correlation between vaginal microbiota (VMB) and outcomes of assisted reproductive technology (ART). Therefore, this study compared the VMB of two types of infertile women undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF) with normal control women during the implantation window period and investigated the effects of VMB characteristics on IVF outcomes. Vaginal swabs from IVF patients (n = 85) were collected before embryo transfer (ET), and vaginal swabs from normal control women (n = 37) were collected during the 6-8 days of ovulation detection. Results showed differences in the vaginal community structure between infertile women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and with tubal factor infertility (TFI) undergoing IVF treatment. The results revealed a higher relative abundance of Lactobacillus iners in the non-pregnant group compared with the pregnant group. The results also demonstrated the abundance of Pseudomonas spp. in both non-pregnant groups of infertile women. The findings suggested that the VMB composition affects the IVF outcomes and that the pre-ET high abundance of L. iners may potentially indicate an IVF failure. The abundance of Pseudomonas spp. in the vagina may be an adverse factor for ART pregnancy. IMPORTANCE: Many studies suggest that vaginal microbiota (VMB) may affect in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer (IVF-ET) outcomes. Assessing VMB before embryo transfer can optimize timing for better assisted reproductive technology (ART) results. This study examined VMB distribution in infertile women undergoing ART using 16S rRNA sequencing. Results revealed that VMB structure impacted ART outcomes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and tubal factor infertility (TFI) before embryo transfer ([less than or equal to] 24 hours). Lactobacillus iners and Pseudomonas spp. were identified as adverse factors for post-ET pregnancy. The study also showed differences in pre-ET VMB between normal women and women with PCOS and TFI during the ovulatory window. These findings highlight the importance of considering VMB composition to optimize embryo transfer timing and personalize ART treatment based on infertility type, improving the chances of success.
Experiment 1
Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2025-4-8
Subjects
- Location of subjects
- China
- Host species Species from which microbiome was sampled. Contact us to have more species added.
- Homo sapiens
- Body site Anatomical site where microbial samples were extracted from according to the Uber Anatomy Ontology
- Vaginal fluid Vaginal discharge,Vaginal secretion,Vaginal fluid,vaginal fluid
- Condition The experimental condition / phenotype studied according to the Experimental Factor Ontology
- Female infertility female infertility,female reproductive system infertility,female reproductive system infertility disorder,female sterility,female sub-fertility,female subfertility,infertility disorder of female reproductive system,postpartum sterility,sterility, female,sterility, postpartum,sub fertility, female,sub-fertility, female,subfertility, female,Female infertility
- Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies
- Tubal Factor Infertility, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome(TFI, PCOS) group
- Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies
- Control group (NL)
- Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
- This group consists of fertile women.
- Group 0 sample size Number of subjects in the control (unexposed) group
- 77
- Group 1 sample size Number of subjects in the case (exposed) group
- 37
- Antibiotics exclusion Number of days without antibiotics usage (if applicable) and other antibiotics-related criteria used to exclude participants (if any)
- 1 month
Lab analysis
- Sequencing type
- 16S
- 16S variable region One or more hypervariable region(s) of the bacterial 16S gene
- V3-V4
- Sequencing platform Manufacturer and experimental platform used for quantifying microbial abundance
- Illumina
Statistical Analysis
- Data transformation Data transformation applied to microbial abundance measurements prior to differential abundance testing (if any).
- relative abundances
- Statistical test
- LEfSe
- Significance threshold p-value or FDR threshold used for differential abundance testing (if any)
- 0.05
- MHT correction Have statistical tests be corrected for multiple hypothesis testing (MHT)?
- No
- LDA Score above Threshold for the linear discriminant analysis (LDA) score for studies using the popular LEfSe tool
- 4
Signature 1
Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2025-4-8
Source: Figure 3D
Description: Histogram of taxa with differential abundance among the NL, PCOS, and TFI groups using the computed LDA score.
Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Control group (NL)
| NCBI | Quality Control | Links |
|---|---|---|
| Sneathia vaginalis | ||
| Eubacterium sp. | ||
| Herbaspirillum | ||
| Ensifer | ||
| Dyella | ||
| Duganella | ||
| Actinomadura | ||
| Acetobacter |
Revision editor(s): Victoria
Experiment 2
Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2025-4-8
Differences from previous experiment shown
Subjects
- Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies
- Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, Control(PCOS, NL) group
- Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies
- Tubal Factor Infertility group (TFI)
- Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
- This group consists of women with tubal factor infertility.
- Group 0 sample size Number of subjects in the control (unexposed) group
- 69
- Group 1 sample size Number of subjects in the case (exposed) group
- 45
Lab analysis
Statistical Analysis
Signature 1
Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2025-4-8
Source: Figure 3D
Description: Histogram of taxa with differential abundance among the NL, PCOS, and TFI groups using the computed LDA score.
Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Tubal Factor Infertility group (TFI)
| NCBI | Quality Control | Links |
|---|---|---|
| Parvimonas | ||
| Peptostreptococcaceae |
Revision editor(s): Victoria
Experiment 3
Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2025-4-8
Differences from previous experiment shown
Subjects
- Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies
- Tubal factor infertility, Control(TFI, Control) group
- Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies
- Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) group
- Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
- This group consists of infertile women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS).
- Group 0 sample size Number of subjects in the control (unexposed) group
- 82
- Group 1 sample size Number of subjects in the case (exposed) group
- 32
Lab analysis
Statistical Analysis
Signature 1
Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2025-4-8
Source: Figure 3D
Description: Histogram of taxa with differential abundance among the NL, PCOS, and TFI groups using the computed LDA score.
Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) group
Revision editor(s): Victoria
Experiment 4
Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2025-4-8
Differences from previous experiment shown
Subjects
- Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies
- Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) group
- Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies
- Tubal factor infertility (TFI) group
- Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
- This group consists of women with tubal factor infertility.
- Group 0 sample size Number of subjects in the control (unexposed) group
- 32
- Group 1 sample size Number of subjects in the case (exposed) group
- 45
- Antibiotics exclusion Number of days without antibiotics usage (if applicable) and other antibiotics-related criteria used to exclude participants (if any)
- Not specified
Lab analysis
Statistical Analysis
- Statistical test
- T-Test
- LDA Score above Threshold for the linear discriminant analysis (LDA) score for studies using the popular LEfSe tool
- Not specified
Alpha Diversity
- Shannon Estimator of species richness and species evenness: more weight on species richness
- unchanged
- Simpson Estimator of species richness and species evenness: more weight on species evenness
- unchanged
Signature 1
Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2025-4-8
Source: Figure 4B
Description: t-test analysis of different microbes at the species and genus levels.
Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Tubal factor infertility (TFI) group
| NCBI | Quality Control | Links |
|---|---|---|
| Ligilactobacillus | ||
| Lactobacillus iners |
Revision editor(s): Victoria
Signature 2
Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2025-4-8
Source: Figure 4B
Description: t-test analysis of different microbes at the species and genus levels.
Abundance in Group 1: decreased abundance in Tubal factor infertility (TFI) group
| NCBI | Quality Control | Links |
|---|---|---|
| Dialister |
Revision editor(s): Victoria
Experiment 5
Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2025-4-8
Differences from previous experiment shown
Subjects
- Condition The experimental condition / phenotype studied according to the Experimental Factor Ontology
- Polycystic ovary syndrome Cystic disease of ovaries,hyperandrogenemia,Multicystic ovaries,multicystic ovaries,Ovarian Degeneration, Sclerocystic,Ovarian Syndrome, Polycystic,Ovarian Syndromes, Polycystic,Ovaries, Sclerocystic,Ovary Syndrome, Polycystic,Ovary, Sclerocystic,PCO - Polycystic ovaries,Pco1,PCOD - Polycystic ovarian disease,PCOS,Pcos,PCOS - Polycystic ovarian syndrome,PCOS1,Polycystic ovarian disease,polycystic ovarian disease,Polycystic ovarian syndrome,Polycystic ovaries,polycystic ovaries,Polycystic ovaries (disorder),polycystic ovary,polycystic ovary syndrome,polycystic ovary syndrome 1,Sclerocystic Ovarian Degeneration,Sclerocystic Ovaries,Sclerocystic Ovary,Sclerocystic Ovary Syndrome,Stein Leventhal Syndrome,Stein-Leventhal synd.,Stein-Leventhal Syndrome,Stein-Leventhal syndrome,Syndrome, Polycystic Ovary,Syndrome, Stein-Leventhal,Polycystic ovary syndrome
- Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies
- Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.Pregnant (PCOS.P) group
- Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies
- Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.Non-pregnant (PCOS.NP) group
- Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
- This group consists of infertile women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) who are not pregnant.
- Group 0 sample size Number of subjects in the control (unexposed) group
- 10
- Group 1 sample size Number of subjects in the case (exposed) group
- 22
Lab analysis
Statistical Analysis
- Statistical test
- LEfSe
- LDA Score above Threshold for the linear discriminant analysis (LDA) score for studies using the popular LEfSe tool
- 2
Alpha Diversity
- Shannon Estimator of species richness and species evenness: more weight on species richness
- unchanged
- Simpson Estimator of species richness and species evenness: more weight on species evenness
- unchanged
Signature 1
Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2025-4-8
Source: Figure 5E
Description: Histogram of taxa with differential abundance computed using LDA scores.
Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.Non-pregnant (PCOS.NP) group
| NCBI | Quality Control | Links |
|---|---|---|
| Mycoplasmataceae | ||
| Veillonellaceae bacterium | ||
| Pseudomonas | ||
| Pseudomonadaceae | ||
| Dialister propionicifaciens |
Revision editor(s): Victoria
Signature 2
Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2025-4-8
Source: Figure 5E
Description: Histogram of taxa with differential abundance computed using LDA scores.
Abundance in Group 1: decreased abundance in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.Non-pregnant (PCOS.NP) group
| NCBI | Quality Control | Links |
|---|---|---|
| Clostridium sp. | ||
| Leptotrichia sp. |
Revision editor(s): Victoria
Experiment 6
Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2025-4-8
Differences from previous experiment shown
Subjects
- Condition The experimental condition / phenotype studied according to the Experimental Factor Ontology
- Female infertility female infertility,female reproductive system infertility,female reproductive system infertility disorder,female sterility,female sub-fertility,female subfertility,infertility disorder of female reproductive system,postpartum sterility,sterility, female,sterility, postpartum,sub fertility, female,sub-fertility, female,subfertility, female,Female infertility
- Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies
- Tubal Factor Infertility.Pregnant (TFI.P) group
- Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies
- Tubal Factor Infertility.Non-pregnant (TFI.NP) group
- Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
- This group consists of infertile women with Tubal Factor Infertility who are not pregnant.
- Group 0 sample size Number of subjects in the control (unexposed) group
- 21
- Group 1 sample size Number of subjects in the case (exposed) group
- 24
Lab analysis
Statistical Analysis
Alpha Diversity
- Shannon Estimator of species richness and species evenness: more weight on species richness
- unchanged
- Simpson Estimator of species richness and species evenness: more weight on species evenness
- unchanged
Signature 1
Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2025-4-8
Source: Figure 5E
Description: Histogram of taxa with differential abundance computed using LDA scores.
Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Tubal Factor Infertility.Non-pregnant (TFI.NP) group
| NCBI | Quality Control | Links |
|---|---|---|
| Pseudomonadaceae | ||
| Pseudomonas | ||
| Gemelliphila asaccharolytica | ||
| Ralstonia | ||
| Lysobacteraceae |
Revision editor(s): Victoria
Signature 2
Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2025-4-8
Source: Figure 5E
Description: Histogram of taxa with differential abundance computed using LDA scores.
Abundance in Group 1: decreased abundance in Tubal Factor Infertility.Non-pregnant (TFI.NP) group
| NCBI | Quality Control | Links |
|---|---|---|
| Helicobacter typhlonius | ||
| Porphyromonas endodontalis | ||
| Actinomycetaceae | ||
| Ureaplasma parvum | ||
| Actinomyces | ||
| Megasphaera | ||
| Allobaculum | ||
| Scardovia | ||
| Scardovia wiggsiae | ||
| Blautia |
Revision editor(s): Victoria
Experiment 7
Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2025-4-8
Differences from previous experiment shown
Subjects
- Condition The experimental condition / phenotype studied according to the Experimental Factor Ontology
- Ectopic pregnancy Ectopic pregnancy,ectopic pregnancy
- Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies
- Non-ectopic pregnancy group
- Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies
- Ectopic pregnancy group
- Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
- This group consists of women with Polysystic ovary syndrome(PCOS) and a history of ectopic pregnancy.
- Group 0 sample size Number of subjects in the control (unexposed) group
- 31
- Group 1 sample size Number of subjects in the case (exposed) group
- 2
Lab analysis
Statistical Analysis
- Statistical test
- Mann-Whitney (Wilcoxon)
- LDA Score above Threshold for the linear discriminant analysis (LDA) score for studies using the popular LEfSe tool
- Not specified
Signature 1
Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2025-4-8
Source: Figure 4H
Description: Boxplot distribution of Lactobacillus abundance classified based on the history of ectopic pregnancy.
Abundance in Group 1: decreased abundance in Ectopic pregnancy group
| NCBI | Quality Control | Links |
|---|---|---|
| Lactobacillus |
Revision editor(s): Victoria
Experiment 8
Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2025-4-8
Differences from previous experiment shown
Subjects
- Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
- This group consists of women with Tubal factor infertility(TFI) and a history of ectopic pregnancy.
- Group 0 sample size Number of subjects in the control (unexposed) group
- 38
- Group 1 sample size Number of subjects in the case (exposed) group
- 12
Lab analysis
Statistical Analysis
Signature 1
Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2025-4-8
Source: Figure 4H
Description: Boxplot distribution of Lactobacillus abundance classified based on the history of ectopic pregnancy.
Abundance in Group 1: decreased abundance in Ectopic pregnancy group
| NCBI | Quality Control | Links |
|---|---|---|
| Lactobacillus |
Revision editor(s): Victoria
Experiment 9
Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2025-4-8
Differences from previous experiment shown
Subjects
- Condition The experimental condition / phenotype studied according to the Experimental Factor Ontology
- Body weight weight,Body weight,body weight
- Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies
- 24≤BMI<28 (Overweight) group
- Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies
- BMI>28 (Obese) group
- Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
- This group consists of women with Polysystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and are obese.
- Group 0 sample size Number of subjects in the control (unexposed) group
- Not specified
- Group 1 sample size Number of subjects in the case (exposed) group
- Not specified
Lab analysis
Statistical Analysis
Signature 1
Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2025-4-8
Source: Figure 4E
Description: Boxplot of the distribution of three bacterial genera based on their BMI levels.
Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in BMI>28 (Obese) group
| NCBI | Quality Control | Links |
|---|---|---|
| Lactobacillus |
Revision editor(s): Victoria
Experiment 10
Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2025-4-8
Differences from previous experiment shown
Subjects
- Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies
- 18.5≤BMI<24 (Normal weight) group
- Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies
- 24≤BMI<28 (Overweight) group
- Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
- This group consists of women with Polysystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and are overweight.
Lab analysis
Statistical Analysis
Signature 1
Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2025-4-8
Source: Figure 4E
Description: Boxplot of the distribution of three bacterial genera based on their BMI levels.
Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in 24≤BMI<28 (Overweight) group
| NCBI | Quality Control | Links |
|---|---|---|
| Streptococcus |
Revision editor(s): Victoria
Experiment 11
Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2025-4-8
Differences from previous experiment shown
Subjects
- Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies
- BMI<18.5 (Under weight) group
- Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies
- 18.5≤BMI<24 (Normal weight) group
- Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
- This group consists of women with Tubal factor infertility (TFI) and have normal weight.
Lab analysis
Statistical Analysis
Signature 1
Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2025-4-8
Source: Figure 4E
Description: Boxplot of the distribution of three bacterial genera based on their BMI levels.
Abundance in Group 1: decreased abundance in 18.5≤BMI<24 (Normal weight) group
| NCBI | Quality Control | Links |
|---|---|---|
| Prevotella |
Revision editor(s): Victoria
Experiment 12
Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2025-4-8
Differences from previous experiment shown
Subjects
- Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies
- 24≤BMI<28 (Overweight) group
- Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
- This group consists of women with Tubal factor infertility (TFI) and are overweight.
Lab analysis
Statistical Analysis
Signature 1
Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2025-4-8
Source: Figure 4E
Description: Boxplot of the distribution of three bacterial genera based on their BMI levels.
Abundance in Group 1: decreased abundance in 24≤BMI<28 (Overweight) group
| NCBI | Quality Control | Links |
|---|---|---|
| Prevotella |
Revision editor(s): Victoria
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