High-throughput sequencing to analyze changes in the human scalp microbiome during the use of a shampoo
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Study information
-
Quality control
- Retracted paper
- Contamination issues suspected
- Batch effect issues suspected
- Uncontrolled confounding suspected
- Results are suspect (various reasons)
- Tags applied
study design
Citation
PMID PubMed identifier for scientific articles.
DOI Digital object identifier for electronic documents.
URI Uniform resource identifier for web resources.
Authors
Xu C., Li W., Lin L., Zhang D., Lei J., Pan D., Liang S., Chen Y., Wan Y., He J.
Journal
BMC microbiology
Year
2025
Keywords:
High-throughput sequencing, Human scalp, Microbial community, Scalp health care, Shampoo
Shampoo, a crucial personal hygiene product, holds significant economic importance. Given the complex interactions of the scalp microbiome and its impact on scalp and hair health, understanding how shampoo affects this ecosystem is vital. Results showed that 28-day shampoo use significantly increased scalp moisture content (P = 0.04) without affecting sebum secretion P = 0.23. Regarding the bacterial community, while alpha diversity indices showed no significant changes, the relative abundance of Proteobacteria was decreased significantly, and the relative abundance of Actinobacteriota was increased significantly; the relative abundance of Cutibacterium genus was increased significantly, from 11.58 to 28.66%, more abundant than Staphylococcus genus (from 16.55 to 18.37%). For the fungal community, the Chao 1 index decreased significantly, and the relative abundances of several phyla and genera changed, but retained the core microbiome (Malassezia). Canonical correspondence analysis revealed that the microbial communities shifted from an oily environment to a more moisturized environment. Network analysis showed different co-occurrence relationships between core taxa and physicochemical factors for bacteria and fungi. Functional prediction via PICRUSt2 and FUNGuild indicated that the shampoo altered metabolic pathways of bacteria and the trophic modes of fungi. In conclusion, the study described the complex community dynamics of scalp microorganisms before and after 28-day shampoo use. The results will help improve the interactions among shampoo, scalp microbiota, and scalp physiology, offering valuable insights for the development of scalp and hair care products and strategies.
Experiment 1
Subjects
- Location of subjects
- China
- Host species Species from which microbiome was sampled. Contact us to have more species added.
- Homo sapiens
- Body site Anatomical site where microbial samples were extracted from according to the Uber Anatomy Ontology
- Skin of scalp Adult scalp zone of skin,Scalp skin,Scalp zone of skin,Zone of skin of adult scalp,Zone of skin of scalp,Skin of scalp,skin of scalp
- Condition The experimental condition / phenotype studied according to the Experimental Factor Ontology
- Environmental exposure measurement Environmental exposure measurement,environmental exposure measurement
- Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies
- Participants before Shampoo use (Day 0)
- Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies
- Participants after Shampoo use (Day 28)
- Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
- Participants who applied the test shampoo for 28 days after refrainig from other hair products for at least three days prior to treatment.
- Group 0 sample size Number of subjects in the control (unexposed) group
- 20
- Group 1 sample size Number of subjects in the case (exposed) group
- 20
Lab analysis
- Sequencing type
- 16S
- 16S variable region One or more hypervariable region(s) of the bacterial 16S gene
- V4
- Sequencing platform Manufacturer and experimental platform used for quantifying microbial abundance
- Illumina
Statistical Analysis
- Data transformation Data transformation applied to microbial abundance measurements prior to differential abundance testing (if any).
- relative abundances
- Statistical test
- LEfSe
- Linear Discriminant Analysis
- Significance threshold p-value or FDR threshold used for differential abundance testing (if any)
- 0.05
- MHT correction Have statistical tests be corrected for multiple hypothesis testing (MHT)?
- No
- LDA Score above Threshold for the linear discriminant analysis (LDA) score for studies using the popular LEfSe tool
- 4.0
Alpha Diversity
- Shannon Estimator of species richness and species evenness: more weight on species richness
- unchanged
- Chao1 Abundance-based estimator of species richness
- unchanged
Signature 1
Source: Figure 2E
Description: Taxonomic differences in the scalp bacterial microbiota before and after shampoo use.
Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Participants after Shampoo use (Day 28)
| NCBI | Quality Control | Links |
|---|---|---|
| Enhydrobacter | ||
| Methyloversatilis | ||
| Rhodocyclaceae | ||
| Sphingomonas | ||
| Stenotrophomonas |
Revision editor(s): Pamela
Signature 2
Source: Figure 2E
Description: Taxonomic differences in the scalp bacterial microbiota before and after shampoo use.
Abundance in Group 1: decreased abundance in Participants after Shampoo use (Day 28)
| NCBI | Quality Control | Links |
|---|---|---|
| Acinetobacter | ||
| Ktedonobacteraceae | ||
| Ktedonobacterales | ||
| f_JG30-KF-AS9f_JG30-KF-AS9 |
Revision editor(s): Pamela
Experiment 2
Differences from previous experiment shown
Subjects
Lab analysis
Statistical Analysis
- LDA Score above Threshold for the linear discriminant analysis (LDA) score for studies using the popular LEfSe tool
- 3.0
Alpha Diversity
- Shannon Estimator of species richness and species evenness: more weight on species richness
- unchanged
- Chao1 Abundance-based estimator of species richness
- decreased
Signature 1
Source: Figure 3E
Description: Taxonomic differences in the scalp fungal microbiota before and after shampoo use.
Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Participants after Shampoo use (Day 28)
Revision editor(s): Pamela
Signature 2
Source: Figure 3E
Description: Taxonomic differences in the scalp fungal microbiota before and after shampoo use.
Abundance in Group 1: decreased abundance in Participants after Shampoo use (Day 28)
Revision editor(s): Pamela
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