Convergent gut microbial functional strategies drive energy metabolism adaptation across Ursidae species and challenge the uniqueness of giant panda

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Citation
PMID PubMed identifier for scientific articles.
DOI Digital object identifier for electronic documents.
URI Uniform resource identifier for web resources.
Authors
Bo T., Xu X., Liu H., Tang L., Xu H., Zhao S., Lv J., Wang D.
Journal
The ISME journal
Year
2025
Keywords:
FMT, Ursidae, energy metabolism, gut microbiota, season
The gut microbiota is a key regulator of host energy metabolism, but its role in seasonal adaptation and evolution of bears is still unclear. Although giant pandas are considered an extraordinary member of the Ursidae family due to their specialized herbivory and low metabolic rate, there is still controversy over whether the metabolic regulation mechanism of their gut microbiota is unique. This study analyzed the seasonal dynamics of gut microbiota in giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca), Asian black bears (Ursus thibetanus), brown bears (Ursus arctos), and polar bears (Ursus maritimus), and combined with fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) experiments, revealed the following findings. The microbial composition of the four bear species is similar, with both Firmicutes and Proteobacteria dominating. The enrichment of Firmicutes in winter enhances lipid metabolism, and adapts to dietary differences, indicating the existence of convergent microbial functional strategies in the Ursidae family. Our results demonstrate that bear gut microbiota promoted seasonal adaptation. In FMT experiments, bear gut microbiota in winter may had stronger functional capabilities on regulating host energy metabolism in mice, and regulate host appetite to increase energy intake. Finally, despite feeding on bamboo, giant pandas microbiota driven energy metabolism pathways (such as SCFAs) are highly conserved compared to other bears, suggesting a deep commonality in the adaptability of bear microbiota in evolution. Therefore, this study challenges the traditional view of microbial uniqueness of giant pandas, and emphasizes the co-evolutionary mechanism of energy metabolism adaptation in bear animals through microbial plasticity. In the future, it is necessary to integrate wild samples to eliminate the interference of captive diet and further analyze the genetic basis of host gut microbiota interactions.

Experiment 1


Needs review

Curated date: 2025/10/13

Curator: YokoC

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Subjects

Location of subjects
China
Host species Species from which microbiome was sampled. Contact us to have more species added.
Ursus maritimus
Body site Anatomical site where microbial samples were extracted from according to the Uber Anatomy Ontology
Feces Cow dung,Cow pat,Droppings,Dung,Excrement,Excreta,Faeces,Fecal material,Fecal matter,Fewmet,Frass,Guano,Matières fécales@fr,Merde@fr,Ordure,Partie de la merde@fr,Piece of shit,Porción de mierda@es,Portion of dung,Portion of excrement,Portion of faeces,Portion of fecal material,Portion of fecal matter,Portion of feces,Portion of guano,Portion of scat,Portionem cacas,Scat,Spoor,Spraint,Stool,Teil der fäkalien@de,Feces,feces
Condition The experimental condition / phenotype studied according to the Experimental Factor Ontology
Interspecies interaction between organisms interaction with another species,interspecies interaction,interspecies interaction with other organisms,Interspecies interaction between organisms,interspecies interaction between organisms
Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies
Brown bear (Ursus arctos)
Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies
Polar bear (Ursus maritimus)
Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
Adult polar bears (Ursus maritimus) housed in the Beijing Zoo, where they were managed under consistent conditions, including diet and housing.
Group 0 sample size Number of subjects in the control (unexposed) group
4
Group 1 sample size Number of subjects in the case (exposed) group
4

Lab analysis

Sequencing type
16S
16S variable region One or more hypervariable region(s) of the bacterial 16S gene
V3-V4
Sequencing platform Manufacturer and experimental platform used for quantifying microbial abundance
Illumina

Statistical Analysis

Data transformation Data transformation applied to microbial abundance measurements prior to differential abundance testing (if any).
relative abundances
Statistical test
Kruskall-Wallis
Significance threshold p-value or FDR threshold used for differential abundance testing (if any)
0.05
MHT correction Have statistical tests be corrected for multiple hypothesis testing (MHT)?
No

Alpha Diversity

Shannon Estimator of species richness and species evenness: more weight on species richness
increased

Signature 1

Needs review

Curated date: 2025/10/13

Curator: YokoC

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Source: Figure 1c

Description: Boxplots for the significant differences in relative abundance of the Fimicutes and Fusobacteriota phyla (Kruskal–Wallis test).

Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Polar bear (Ursus maritimus)

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Fusobacteriota

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Experiment 2


Needs review

Curated date: 2025/10/13

Curator: YokoC

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Differences from previous experiment shown

Subjects

Host species Species from which microbiome was sampled. Contact us to have more species added.
Ailuropoda melanoleuca


Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies
Polar bears (Ursus maritimus)
Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies
Panda bear (Ailuropoda melanoleuca)
Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
Juvenile and adult panda bears (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) housed in the Beijing Zoo, where they were managed under consistent conditions, including diet and housing.
Group 1 sample size Number of subjects in the case (exposed) group
10

Lab analysis

Statistical Analysis

Alpha Diversity

Shannon Estimator of species richness and species evenness: more weight on species richness
decreased

Signature 1

Needs review

Curated date: 2025/10/13

Curator: YokoC

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Source: Figure 1b

Description: Boxplots for the significant differences in relative abundance of the Fimicutes and Fusobacteriota phyla (Kruskal–Wallis test).

Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Panda bear (Ailuropoda melanoleuca)

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Bacillota

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Signature 2

Needs review

Curated date: 2025/10/13

Curator: YokoC

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Source: Figure 1c

Description: Boxplots for the significant differences in relative abundance of the Fimicutes and Fusobacteriota phyla (Kruskal–Wallis test).

Abundance in Group 1: decreased abundance in Panda bear (Ailuropoda melanoleuca)

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Fusobacteriota

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Experiment 3


Needs review

Curated date: 2025/10/13

Curator: YokoC

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Differences from previous experiment shown

Subjects

Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies
Asian black bear (Ursus thibetanus)
Group 0 sample size Number of subjects in the control (unexposed) group
3

Lab analysis

Statistical Analysis

Alpha Diversity

Shannon Estimator of species richness and species evenness: more weight on species richness
unchanged

Signature 1

Needs review

Curated date: 2025/10/14

Curator: YokoC

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Source: Figure 1c

Description: Boxplots for the significant differences in relative abundance of the Fimicutes and Fusobacteriota phyla (Kruskal–Wallis test).

Abundance in Group 1: decreased abundance in Panda bear (Ailuropoda melanoleuca)

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Fusobacteriota

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Experiment 4


Needs review

Curated date: 2025/10/14

Curator: YokoC

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Differences from previous experiment shown

Subjects

Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies
Brown bear (Ursus arctos)
Group 0 sample size Number of subjects in the control (unexposed) group
4

Lab analysis

Statistical Analysis

Alpha Diversity

Shannon Estimator of species richness and species evenness: more weight on species richness
unchanged

Signature 1

Needs review

Curated date: 2025/10/14

Curator: YokoC

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Source: Figure 1b

Description: Boxplots for the significant differences in relative abundance of the Fimicutes and Fusobacteriota phyla (Kruskal–Wallis test).

Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Panda bear (Ailuropoda melanoleuca)

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Bacillota

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Experiment 5


Needs review

Curated date: 2025/10/14

Curator: YokoC

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Differences from previous experiment shown

Subjects

Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies
Brown bear (Ursus arctos) + Asian Black bear (Ursus thibetanus) + Polar bear (Ursus maritimus)
Group 0 sample size Number of subjects in the control (unexposed) group
11

Lab analysis

Statistical Analysis

Statistical test
LEfSe
LDA Score above Threshold for the linear discriminant analysis (LDA) score for studies using the popular LEfSe tool
3


Signature 1

Needs review

Curated date: 2025/10/14

Curator: YokoC

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Source: Figure 1f

Description: Barplots for a LEfSe analysis of relative abundance of the genus with significant differences in the four bear groups (LDA score > 3 and a significance of a < 0.05).

Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Panda bear (Ailuropoda melanoleuca)

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Streptococcus

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Experiment 6


Needs review

Curated date: 2025/10/14

Curator: YokoC

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Differences from previous experiment shown

Subjects

Host species Species from which microbiome was sampled. Contact us to have more species added.
Ursus arctos


Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies
Panda bear (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) + Asian Black bear (Ursus thibetanus) + Polar bear (Ursus maritimus)
Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies
Brown bear (Ursus arctos)
Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
Juvenile and adult brown bears (Ursus arctos) housed in the Beijing Zoo, where they were managed under consistent conditions, including diet and housing.
Group 0 sample size Number of subjects in the control (unexposed) group
17
Group 1 sample size Number of subjects in the case (exposed) group
4

Lab analysis

Statistical Analysis

Signature 1

Needs review

Curated date: 2025/10/14

Curator: YokoC

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Source: Figure 1f

Description: Barplots for a LEfSe analysis of relative abundance of the genus with significant differences in the four bear groups (LDA score > 3 and a significance of a < 0.05).

Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Brown bear (Ursus arctos)

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Lactobacillus
Lactococcus
Sarcina
Lachnoclostridium

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Experiment 7


Needs review

Curated date: 2025/10/14

Curator: YokoC

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Differences from previous experiment shown

Subjects

Host species Species from which microbiome was sampled. Contact us to have more species added.
Ursus thibetanus


Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies
Panda bear (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) + Brown bear (Ursus arctos) + Polar bear (Ursus maritimus)
Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies
Asian Black bear (Ursus thibetanus)
Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
Juvenile and adult asian black bears (Ursus thibetanus) housed in the Beijing Zoo, where they were managed under consistent conditions, including diet and housing.
Group 0 sample size Number of subjects in the control (unexposed) group
18
Group 1 sample size Number of subjects in the case (exposed) group
3

Lab analysis

Statistical Analysis

Signature 1

Needs review

Curated date: 2025/10/14

Curator: YokoC

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Source: Figure 1f

Description: Barplots for a LEfSe analysis of relative abundance of the genus with significant differences in the four bear groups (LDA score > 3 and a significance of a < 0.05).

Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Asian Black bear (Ursus thibetanus)

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Romboutsia
Lachnospiraceae UCG 009Lachnospiraceae UCG 009
Lachnospiraceae XPB1014 groupLachnospiraceae XPB1014 group
Alloprevotella
Rikenellaceae RC9 gut groupRikenellaceae RC9 gut group

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Experiment 8


Needs review

Curated date: 2025/10/14

Curator: YokoC

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Differences from previous experiment shown

Subjects

Host species Species from which microbiome was sampled. Contact us to have more species added.
Ursus maritimus


Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies
Panda bear (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) + Brown bear (Ursus arctos) + Asian black bears (Ursus thibetanus)
Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies
Polar bear (Ursus maritimus)
Group 0 sample size Number of subjects in the control (unexposed) group
17
Group 1 sample size Number of subjects in the case (exposed) group
4

Lab analysis

Statistical Analysis

Signature 1

Needs review

Curated date: 2025/10/14

Curator: YokoC

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Source: Figure 1f

Description: Barplots for a LEfSe analysis of relative abundance of the genus with significant differences in the four bear groups (LDA score > 3 and a significance of a < 0.05).

Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Polar bear (Ursus maritimus)

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Alistipes
Cetobacterium
Klebsiella
Plesiomonas
Prevotellaceae UCG 001Prevotellaceae UCG 001
Clostridium

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Experiment 9


Needs review

Curated date: 2025/10/14

Curator: YokoC

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Differences from previous experiment shown

Subjects

Condition The experimental condition / phenotype studied according to the Experimental Factor Ontology
Seasonal gut microbiome measurement , Interspecies interaction between organisms Seasonal gut microbiome measurement,seasonal gut microbiome measurement,interaction with another species,interspecies interaction,interspecies interaction with other organisms,Interspecies interaction between organisms,interspecies interaction between organisms
Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies
Brown bear (Ursus arctos)
Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
Adult polar bears (Ursus maritimus) housed in the Beijing Zoo, where they were managed under consistent conditions, including diet and housing.
Group 0 sample size Number of subjects in the control (unexposed) group
4

Lab analysis

Statistical Analysis

Statistical test
ANOVA
LDA Score above Threshold for the linear discriminant analysis (LDA) score for studies using the popular LEfSe tool
Not specified


Signature 1

Needs review

Curated date: 2025/10/14

Curator: YokoC

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Source: Figure 2b and Figure 2c

Description: Significant differences among the three phyla and the three genera with the highest relative abundance. Two-way Anova for bear species (polar bear and brown bear) and seasons (spring).

Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Polar bear (Ursus maritimus)

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Clostridium

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Experiment 10


Needs review

Curated date: 2025/10/14

Curator: YokoC

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Differences from previous experiment shown

Subjects

Host species Species from which microbiome was sampled. Contact us to have more species added.
Ailuropoda melanoleuca


Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies
Polar bear (Ursus maritimus)
Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies
Panda bear (Ailuropoda melanoleuca)
Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
Adult and juvenile Panda bears (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) housed in the Beijing Zoo, where they were managed under consistent conditions, including diet and housing.
Group 1 sample size Number of subjects in the case (exposed) group
10

Lab analysis

Statistical Analysis

Signature 1

Needs review

Curated date: 2025/10/14

Curator: YokoC

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Source: Figure 2D

Description: Significant differences among the three phyla and the three genera with the highest relative abundance. Two-way Anova for bear species (panda bear and polar bear) and seasons (spring).

Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Panda bear (Ailuropoda melanoleuca)

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Streptococcus

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Signature 2

Needs review

Curated date: 2025/10/14

Curator: YokoC

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Source: Figure 2d

Description: Significant differences among the three phyla and the three genera with the highest relative abundance. Two-way Anova for bear species (panda bear and polar bear) and seasons (spring).

Abundance in Group 1: decreased abundance in Panda bear (Ailuropoda melanoleuca)

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Clostridium

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Experiment 11


Needs review

Curated date: 2025/10/14

Curator: YokoC

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Differences from previous experiment shown

Subjects

Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies
Asian Black Bear (Ursus thibetanus)
Group 0 sample size Number of subjects in the control (unexposed) group
3

Lab analysis

Statistical Analysis

Signature 1

Needs review

Curated date: 2025/10/14

Curator: YokoC

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Source: Figure 2d

Description: Significant differences among the three phyla and the three genera with the highest relative abundance. Two-way Anova for bear species (panda bear and Asian black bear) and seasons (spring).

Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Panda bear (Ailuropoda melanoleuca)

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Streptococcus

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Experiment 12


Needs review

Curated date: 2025/10/14

Curator: YokoC

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Differences from previous experiment shown

Subjects

Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies
Brown bear (Ursus arctos)
Group 0 sample size Number of subjects in the control (unexposed) group
4

Lab analysis

Statistical Analysis

Signature 1

Needs review

Curated date: 2025/10/14

Curator: YokoC

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Source: Figure 2d

Description: Significant differences among the three phyla and the three genera with the highest relative abundance. Two-way Anova for bear species (panda bear and brown bear) and seasons (spring).

Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Panda bear (Ailuropoda melanoleuca)

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Streptococcus

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Signature 2

Needs review

Curated date: 2025/10/14

Curator: YokoC

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Source: Figure 2d

Description: Significant differences among the three phyla and the three genera with the highest relative abundance. Two-way Anova for bear species (panda bear and brown bear) and seasons (spring).

Abundance in Group 1: decreased abundance in Panda bear (Ailuropoda melanoleuca)

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Escherichia/ShigellaEscherichia/Shigella

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Experiment 13


Needs review

Curated date: 2025/10/14

Curator: YokoC

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Differences from previous experiment shown

Subjects

Lab analysis

Statistical Analysis

Signature 1

Needs review

Curated date: 2025/10/14

Curator: YokoC

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Source: Figure 2c and 2d

Description: Significant differences among the three phyla and the three genera with the highest relative abundance. Two-way Anova for bear species (panda bear and brown bear) and seasons (winter).

Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Panda bear (Ailuropoda melanoleuca)

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Bacillota
Streptococcus

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Experiment 14


Needs review

Curated date: 2025/10/14

Curator: YokoC

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Differences from previous experiment shown

Subjects

Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies
Polar bear (Ursus maritimus)

Lab analysis

Statistical Analysis

Signature 1

Needs review

Curated date: 2025/10/14

Curator: YokoC

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Source: Figure 2d

Description: Significant differences among the three phyla and the three genera with the highest relative abundance. Two-way Anova for bear species (panda bear and polar bear) and seasons (winter).

Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Panda bear (Ailuropoda melanoleuca)

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Streptococcus

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Experiment 15


Needs review

Curated date: 2025/10/14

Curator: YokoC

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Differences from previous experiment shown

Subjects

Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies
Asian black bear (Ursus thibetanus)
Group 0 sample size Number of subjects in the control (unexposed) group
3

Lab analysis

Statistical Analysis

Signature 1

Needs review

Curated date: 2025/10/14

Curator: YokoC

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Source: Figure 2d

Description: Significant differences among the three phyla and the three genera with the highest relative abundance. Two-way Anova for bear species (panda bear and Asian black bear) and seasons (winter).

Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Panda bear (Ailuropoda melanoleuca)

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Streptococcus

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Experiment 16


Needs review

Curated date: 2025/10/14

Curator: YokoC

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Differences from previous experiment shown

Subjects

Host species Species from which microbiome was sampled. Contact us to have more species added.
Mus musculus
Condition The experimental condition / phenotype studied according to the Experimental Factor Ontology
Response to transplant Response to transplant,response to transplant
Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies
Brown-FMT(W) + Black-FMT(W) + Polar-FMT(W) + Control
Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies
Panda-FMT(W) (Fecal Matter Transplant Winter)
Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
Mice that received a fecal matter transplant from zoo pandas, which was collected in winter.
Group 0 sample size Number of subjects in the control (unexposed) group
22
Group 1 sample size Number of subjects in the case (exposed) group
5

Lab analysis

Statistical Analysis

Statistical test
LEfSe
LDA Score above Threshold for the linear discriminant analysis (LDA) score for studies using the popular LEfSe tool
3


Signature 1

Needs review

Curated date: 2025/10/14

Curator: YokoC

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Source: Figure 4g

Description: Barplots for a LEfSe analysis of relative abundance of the genus with significant differences (LDA score > 3 and a significance of a < 0.05).

Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Panda-FMT(W) (Fecal Matter Transplant Winter)

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Prevotellaceae_NK3B31_groupPrevotellaceae_NK3B31_group
Phenylobacterium
AKYH767AKYH767

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Experiment 17


Needs review

Curated date: 2025/10/14

Curator: YokoC

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Differences from previous experiment shown

Subjects

Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies
Brown-FMT(W) + Black-FMT(W) + Panda-FMT(W) + Control
Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies
Polar-FMT (Fecal Matter Transplant Winter)
Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
Mice that received a fecal matter transplant from zoo polar bears, which was collected in winter.

Lab analysis

Statistical Analysis

Signature 1

Needs review

Curated date: 2025/10/14

Curator: YokoC

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Source: Figure 4g

Description: Barplots for a LEfSe analysis of relative abundance of the genus with significant differences (LDA score > 3 and a significance of a < 0.05).

Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Polar-FMT (Fecal Matter Transplant Winter)

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Clostridia UCG 014Clostridia UCG 014
Fusicatenibacter
Erysipelotrichaceae UCG 003Erysipelotrichaceae UCG 003

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Experiment 18


Needs review

Curated date: 2025/10/14

Curator: YokoC

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Differences from previous experiment shown

Subjects

Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies
Polar-FMT + Black-FMT(W) + Panda-FMT(W) + Control
Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies
Brown-FMT (Fecal Matter Transplant Winter)
Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
Mice that received a fecal matter transplant from zoo brown bears, which was collected in winter.

Lab analysis

Statistical Analysis

Signature 1

Needs review

Curated date: 2025/10/14

Curator: YokoC

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Source: Figure 4g

Description: Barplots for a LEfSe analysis of relative abundance of the genus with significant differences(LDA score > 3 and a significance of a < 0.05).

Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Brown-FMT (Fecal Matter Transplant Winter)

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Bacteroides

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Experiment 19


Needs review

Curated date: 2025/10/14

Curator: YokoC

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Differences from previous experiment shown

Subjects

Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies
Polar-FMT + Brown-FMT(W) + Panda-FMT(W) + Control
Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
Mice that received a fecal matter transplant from zoo Asian black bears, which was collected in winter.

Lab analysis

Statistical Analysis

Signature 1

Needs review

Curated date: 2025/10/14

Curator: YokoC

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Source: Figure 4g

Description: Barplots for a LEfSe analysis of relative abundance of the genus with significant differences (LDA score > 3 and a significance of a < 0.05).

Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Brown-FMT (Fecal Matter Transplant Winter)

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Muribaculaceae
Enterorhabdus
Ohtaekwangia

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Experiment 20


Needs review

Curated date: 2025/10/14

Curator: YokoC

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Differences from previous experiment shown

Subjects

Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies
Polar-FMT + Brown-FMT(W) + Panda-FMT(W) + Black'FMT
Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies
Control
Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
Mice that that did not receive a fecal matter transplant (FMT).
Group 0 sample size Number of subjects in the control (unexposed) group
20
Group 1 sample size Number of subjects in the case (exposed) group
7

Lab analysis

Statistical Analysis

Signature 1

Needs review

Curated date: 2025/10/14

Curator: YokoC

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Source: Figure 4g

Description: Barplots for a LEfSe analysis of relative abundance of the genus with significant differences in the four bear groups (LDA score > 3 and a significance of a < 0.05).

Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Control

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Helicobacter
Sellimonas
Desulfovibrio
Clostridia vadinBB60 groupClostridia vadinBB60 group
hoa5_07405 gut grouphoa5_07405 gut group
OM27 clade

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Experiment 21


Needs review

Curated date: 2025/10/15

Curator: YokoC

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Differences from previous experiment shown

Subjects

Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies
Control
Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies
Panda-FMT(W) (Fecal Matter Transplant Winter)
Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
Mice that received a fecal matter transplant from pandas, which was collected in winter.
Group 0 sample size Number of subjects in the control (unexposed) group
7
Group 1 sample size Number of subjects in the case (exposed) group
5

Lab analysis

Statistical Analysis

Statistical test
Kruskall-Wallis
LDA Score above Threshold for the linear discriminant analysis (LDA) score for studies using the popular LEfSe tool
Not specified

Alpha Diversity

Shannon Estimator of species richness and species evenness: more weight on species richness
unchanged

Signature 1

Needs review

Curated date: 2025/10/15

Curator: YokoC

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Source: Figure 4d

Description: Boxplots for the significant differences in relative abundance of phyla (Kruskal–Wallis test).

Abundance in Group 1: decreased abundance in Panda-FMT(W) (Fecal Matter Transplant Winter)

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Spirochaetota

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Experiment 22


Needs review

Curated date: 2025/10/15

Curator: YokoC

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Differences from previous experiment shown

Subjects

Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies
Black-FMT(W) (Fecal Matter Transplant Winter)
Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
Mice that received a fecal matter transplant from Asian black bears, which was collected in winter.

Lab analysis

Statistical Analysis

Alpha Diversity

Shannon Estimator of species richness and species evenness: more weight on species richness
unchanged

Signature 1

Needs review

Curated date: 2025/10/15

Curator: YokoC

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Source: Figure 4e

Description: Boxplots for the significant differences in relative abundance of phyla (Kruskal–Wallis test).

Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Black-FMT(W) (Fecal Matter Transplant Winter)

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Actinomycetota

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Experiment 23


Needs review

Curated date: 2025/10/15

Curator: YokoC

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Differences from previous experiment shown

Subjects

Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies
Panda-FMT (W) (Fecal Matter Transplant Winter)
Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies
Polar-FMT(W) (Fecal Matter Transplant Winter)
Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
Mice that received a fecal matter transplant from zoo Polar bears, which was collected in winter.
Group 0 sample size Number of subjects in the control (unexposed) group
5

Lab analysis

Statistical Analysis

Alpha Diversity

Shannon Estimator of species richness and species evenness: more weight on species richness
unchanged

Signature 1

Needs review

Curated date: 2025/10/15

Curator: YokoC

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Source: Figure 4f

Description: Boxplots for the significant differences in relative abundance of phyla (Kruskal–Wallis test).

Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Polar-FMT(W) (Fecal Matter Transplant Winter)

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Acidobacteriota

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Experiment 24


Needs review

Curated date: 2025/10/15

Curator: YokoC

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Differences from previous experiment shown

Subjects

Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies
Polar-FMT (S) (Fecal Matter Transplant Summer)
Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies
Panda-FMT(S) (Fecal Matter Transplant Summer)
Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
Mice that received a fecal matter transplant from zoo panda bears, which was collected in summer.

Lab analysis

Statistical Analysis

Alpha Diversity

Shannon Estimator of species richness and species evenness: more weight on species richness
unchanged

Signature 1

Needs review

Curated date: 2025/10/15

Curator: YokoC

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Source: Figure 6f

Description: Boxplots for the significant differences in relative abundance of the phyla (Kruskal–Wallis test).

Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Panda-FMT(S) (Fecal Matter Transplant Summer)

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Fusobacteriota

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Experiment 25


Needs review

Curated date: 2025/10/15

Curator: YokoC

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Differences from previous experiment shown

Subjects

Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies
Brown-FMT(S) (Fecal Matter Transplant Summer)
Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
Mice that received a fecal matter transplant from zoo brown bears, which was collected in summer.

Lab analysis

Statistical Analysis

Alpha Diversity

Shannon Estimator of species richness and species evenness: more weight on species richness
unchanged

Signature 1

Needs review

Curated date: 2025/10/15

Curator: YokoC

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Source: Figure 6f

Description: Boxplots for the significant differences in relative abundance of phyla (Kruskal–Wallis test).

Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Brown-FMT(S) (Fecal Matter Transplant Summer)

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Fusobacteriota

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Experiment 26


Needs review

Curated date: 2025/10/15

Curator: YokoC

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Differences from previous experiment shown

Subjects

Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies
Brown-FMT (S) (Fecal Matter Transplant Summer)
Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies
Black-FMT(S) (Fecal Matter Transplant Summer)
Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
Mice that received a fecal matter transplant from zoo Asian black bears, which was collected in summer.

Lab analysis

Statistical Analysis

Alpha Diversity

Shannon Estimator of species richness and species evenness: more weight on species richness
unchanged

Signature 1

Needs review

Curated date: 2025/10/15

Curator: YokoC

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Source: Figure 6f

Description: Boxplots for the significant differences in relative abundance of phyla (Kruskal–Wallis test).

Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Black-FMT(S) (Fecal Matter Transplant Summer)

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Fusobacteriota

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Experiment 27


Needs review

Curated date: 2025/10/15

Curator: YokoC

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Differences from previous experiment shown

Subjects

Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies
Polar-FMT (S) (Fecal Matter Transplant Summer)

Lab analysis

Statistical Analysis

Alpha Diversity

Shannon Estimator of species richness and species evenness: more weight on species richness
unchanged

Signature 1

Needs review

Curated date: 2025/10/15

Curator: YokoC

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Source: Figure 6f and Figure 6g

Description: Boxplots for the significant differences in relative abundance of phyla (Kruskal–Wallis test).

Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Black-FMT(S) (Fecal Matter Transplant Summer)

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Fusobacteriota

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Signature 2

Needs review

Curated date: 2025/10/15

Curator: YokoC

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Source: Figure 6f and Figure 6g

Description: Boxplots for the significant differences in relative abundance of phyla (Kruskal–Wallis test).

Abundance in Group 1: decreased abundance in Black-FMT(S) (Fecal Matter Transplant Summer)

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Thermodesulfobacteriota

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Experiment 28


Needs review

Curated date: 2025/10/15

Curator: YokoC

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Differences from previous experiment shown

Subjects

Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies
Control
Group 0 sample size Number of subjects in the control (unexposed) group
7

Lab analysis

Statistical Analysis

Alpha Diversity

Shannon Estimator of species richness and species evenness: more weight on species richness
unchanged

Signature 1

Needs review

Curated date: 2025/10/15

Curator: YokoC

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Source: Figure 6f

Description: Boxplots for the significant differences in relative abundance of phyla (Kruskal–Wallis test).

Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Black-FMT(S) (Fecal Matter Transplant Summer)

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Fusobacteriota

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Experiment 29


Needs review

Curated date: 2025/10/15

Curator: YokoC

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Differences from previous experiment shown

Subjects

Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies
Brown-FMT(S) (Fecal Matter Transplant Summer)
Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
Mice that received a fecal matter transplant from zoo brown bears, which was collected in summer.

Lab analysis

Statistical Analysis

Alpha Diversity

Shannon Estimator of species richness and species evenness: more weight on species richness
unchanged

Signature 1

Needs review

Curated date: 2025/10/15

Curator: YokoC

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Source: Figure 6f

Description: Boxplots for the significant differences in relative abundance of phyla (Kruskal–Wallis test).

Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Brown-FMT(S) (Fecal Matter Transplant Summer)

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Fusobacteriota

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Experiment 30


Needs review

Curated date: 2025/10/15

Curator: YokoC

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Differences from previous experiment shown

Subjects

Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies
Polar-FMT(S) (Fecal Matter Transplant Summer)
Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
Mice that received a fecal matter transplant from zoo polar bears, which was collected in summer.

Lab analysis

Statistical Analysis

Alpha Diversity

Shannon Estimator of species richness and species evenness: more weight on species richness
unchanged

Experiment 31


Needs review

Curated date: 2025/10/15

Curator: YokoC

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Differences from previous experiment shown

Subjects

Lab analysis

Statistical Analysis

Alpha Diversity

Shannon Estimator of species richness and species evenness: more weight on species richness
unchanged

Signature 1

Needs review

Curated date: 2025/10/15

Curator: YokoC

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Source: Figure 6d

Description: Boxplots for the significant differences in relative abundance of phyla (Kruskal–Wallis test).

Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Polar-FMT(S) (Fecal Matter Transplant Summer)

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Bacillota

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Signature 2

Needs review

Curated date: 2025/10/15

Curator: YokoC

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Source: Figure 6e

Description: Boxplots for the significant differences in relative abundance of phyla (Kruskal–Wallis test).

Abundance in Group 1: decreased abundance in Polar-FMT(S) (Fecal Matter Transplant Summer)

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Bacteroidota

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Experiment 32


Needs review

Curated date: 2025/10/15

Curator: YokoC

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Differences from previous experiment shown

Subjects

Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies
Control-FMT(S) + Black-FMT(S) + Polar-FMT(S) + Polar-FMT(S)
Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies
Brown-FMT(S) (Fecal Matter Transplant Summer)
Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
Mice that received a fecal matter transplant from zoo brown bears, which was collected in summer.
Group 0 sample size Number of subjects in the control (unexposed) group
22

Lab analysis

Statistical Analysis

Statistical test
LEfSe
LDA Score above Threshold for the linear discriminant analysis (LDA) score for studies using the popular LEfSe tool
3


Signature 1

Needs review

Curated date: 2025/10/15

Curator: YokoC

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Source: Figure 6h

Description: Barplots for a LEfSe analysis of relative abundance of the genus with significant differences (LDA score > 3 and a significance of a < 0.05).

Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Brown-FMT(S) (Fecal Matter Transplant Summer)

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Bradyrhizobium
Helicobacter
Monoglobus
Neisseria
Sphingomonas
Evbacterium siraeum groupEvbacterium siraeum group
Anaeroplasma
Bacteroides pacinophilus groupBacteroides pacinophilus group

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Experiment 33


Needs review

Curated date: 2025/10/15

Curator: YokoC

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Differences from previous experiment shown

Subjects

Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies
Control-FMT(S) + Brown-FMT(S) + Polar-FMT(S) + Polar-FMT(S)
Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies
Black-FMT(S) (Fecal Matter Transplant Summer)
Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
Mice that received a fecal matter transplant from zoo Asian black bears, which was collected in summer.

Lab analysis

Statistical Analysis

Signature 1

Needs review

Curated date: 2025/10/15

Curator: YokoC

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Source: Figure 6h

Description: Barplots for a LEfSe analysis of relative abundance of the genus with significant differences (LDA score > 3 and a significance of a < 0.05).

Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Black-FMT(S) (Fecal Matter Transplant Summer)

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Muribaculum
Bilophila
Halioglobus
Ruminococcus

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Experiment 34


Needs review

Curated date: 2025/10/15

Curator: YokoC

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Differences from previous experiment shown

Subjects

Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies
Control-FMT(S) + Brown-FMT(S) + Black-FMT(S) + Polar-FMT(S)
Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies
Polar-FMT(S) (Fecal Matter Transplant Summer)
Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
Mice that received a fecal matter transplant from zoo polar bears, which was collected in summer.

Lab analysis

Statistical Analysis

Signature 1

Needs review

Curated date: 2025/10/15

Curator: YokoC

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Source: Figure 6h

Description: Barplots for a LEfSe analysis of relative abundance of the genus with significant differences (LDA score > 3 and a significance of a < 0.05).

Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Polar-FMT(S) (Fecal Matter Transplant Summer)

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Anaerotruncus
Blautia
Butyricicoccus
Rikenella
Clostridia vadinBB60 groupClostridia vadinBB60 group
Colidextribacter

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Experiment 35


Needs review

Curated date: 2025/10/15

Curator: YokoC

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Differences from previous experiment shown

Subjects

Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies
Panda-FMT(S) (Fecal Matter Transplant Summer)
Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
Mice that received a fecal matter transplant from zoo panda bears, which was collected in summer.

Lab analysis

Statistical Analysis

Signature 1

Needs review

Curated date: 2025/10/15

Curator: YokoC

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Source: Figure 6h

Description: Barplots for a LEfSe analysis of relative abundance of the genus with significant differences (LDA score > 3 and a significance of a < 0.05).

Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Panda-FMT(S) (Fecal Matter Transplant Summer)

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Bacteroides
Gemella
Marvinbryantia
Marivita
Escherichia/ShigellaEscherichia/Shigella

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Experiment 36


Needs review

Curated date: 2025/10/15

Curator: YokoC

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Differences from previous experiment shown

Subjects

Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies
Panda-FMT(S) + Brown-FMT(S) + Black-FMT(S) + Polar-FMT(S)
Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies
Control
Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
Mice that did not receive a fecal matter transplant or any other treatment.
Group 0 sample size Number of subjects in the control (unexposed) group
20
Group 1 sample size Number of subjects in the case (exposed) group
7

Lab analysis

Statistical Analysis

Signature 1

Needs review

Curated date: 2025/10/15

Curator: YokoC

Revision editor(s): YokoC

Source: Figure 6h

Description: Barplots for a LEfSe analysis of relative abundance of the genus with significant differences (LDA score > 3 and a significance of a < 0.05).

Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Control

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Alloprevotella
Prevotellaceae UCG 001Prevotellaceae UCG 001
Treponema
OM43 cladeOM43 clade
Prevotellaceae NK3B31 groupPrevotellaceae NK3B31 group
Candidatus SacchirmonasCandidatus Sacchirmonas
Quinella
Nitrosomonas
Enterobacter
Lactobacillus
Bradymonadales
NS9 marine groupNS9 marine group
GCA 900066575GCA 900066575
Thioalkalispira/SulfurivermisThioalkalispira/Sulfurivermis
Muribaculaceae

Revision editor(s): YokoC