Gestational diabetes is associated with change in the gut microbiota composition in third trimester of pregnancy and postpartum

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Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2024-11-8
Citation
PMID PubMed identifier for scientific articles.
DOI Digital object identifier for electronic documents.
URI
Authors
Crusell MKW, Hansen TH, Nielsen T, Allin KH, Rühlemann MC, Damm P, Vestergaard H, Rørbye C, Jørgensen NR, Christiansen OB, Heinsen FA, Franke A, Hansen T, Lauenborg J, Pedersen O
Journal
Microbiome
Year
2018
Keywords:
Bacterial species, Body mass index, Gestational diabetes, Gestational hyperglycaemia, Glycaemic traits, Gut microbiota, Pregnancy
BACKGROUND: Imbalances of gut microbiota composition are linked to a range of metabolic perturbations. In the present study, we examined the gut microbiota of women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and normoglycaemic pregnant women in late pregnancy and about 8 months postpartum. METHODS: Gut microbiota profiles of women with GDM (n = 50) and healthy (n = 157) pregnant women in the third trimester and 8 months postpartum were assessed by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing of the V1-V2 region. Insulin and glucose homeostasis were evaluated by a 75 g 2-h oral glucose tolerance test during and after pregnancy. RESULTS: Gut microbiota of women with GDM was aberrant at multiple levels, including phylum and genus levels, compared with normoglycaemic pregnant women. Actinobacteria at phylum level and Collinsella, Rothia and Desulfovibrio at genus level had a higher abundance in the GDM cohort. Difference in abundance of 17 species-level operational taxonomic units (OTUs) during pregnancy was associated with GDM. After adjustment for pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), 5 of the 17 OTUs showed differential abundance in the GDM cohort compared with the normoglycaemic pregnant women with enrichment of species annotated to Faecalibacterium and Anaerotruncus and depletion of species annotated to Clostridium (sensu stricto) and to Veillonella. OTUs assigned to Akkermansia were associated with lower insulin sensitivity while Christensenella OTUs were associated with higher fasting plasma glucose concentration. OTU richness and Shannon index decreased from late pregnancy to postpartum regardless of metabolic status. About 8 months after delivery, the microbiota of women with previous GDM was still characterised by an aberrant composition. Thirteen OTUs were differentially abundant in women with previous GDM compared with women with previous normoglycaemic pregnancy. CONCLUSION: GDM diagnosed in the third trimester of pregnancy is associated with a disrupted gut microbiota composition compared with normoglycaemic pregnant women, and 8 months after pregnancy, differences in the gut microbiota signatures are still detectable. The gut microbiota composition of women with GDM, both during and after pregnancy, resembles the aberrant microbiota composition reported in non-pregnant individuals with type 2 diabetes and associated intermediary metabolic traits.

Experiment 1


Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2024-11-8

Curated date: 2024/10/17

Curator: Rahila

Revision editor(s): Rahila

Subjects

Location of subjects
Denmark
Host species Species from which microbiome was sampled. Contact us to have more species added.
Homo sapiens
Body site Anatomical site where microbial samples were extracted from according to the Uber Anatomy Ontology
Feces Cow dung,Cow pat,Droppings,Dung,Excrement,Excreta,Faeces,Fecal material,Fecal matter,Fewmet,Frass,Guano,Matières fécales@fr,Merde@fr,Ordure,Partie de la merde@fr,Piece of shit,Porción de mierda@es,Portion of dung,Portion of excrement,Portion of faeces,Portion of fecal material,Portion of fecal matter,Portion of feces,Portion of guano,Portion of scat,Portionem cacas,Scat,Spoor,Spraint,Stool,Teil der fäkalien@de,Feces,feces
Condition The experimental condition / phenotype studied according to the Experimental Factor Ontology
Gestational diabetes diabetes in pregnancy,GDM,gestational diabetes,gestational diabetes mellitus,maternal gestational diabetes mellitus,Gestational diabetes
Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies
Normoglycaemic pregnancy
Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies
gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) pregnancy
Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
Women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) pregnancy (third trimester) during the first visit
Group 0 sample size Number of subjects in the control (unexposed) group
157
Group 1 sample size Number of subjects in the case (exposed) group
50
Antibiotics exclusion Number of days without antibiotics usage (if applicable) and other antibiotics-related criteria used to exclude participants (if any)
2 months

Lab analysis

Sequencing type
16S
16S variable region One or more hypervariable region(s) of the bacterial 16S gene
V1-V2
Sequencing platform Manufacturer and experimental platform used for quantifying microbial abundance
Illumina

Statistical Analysis

Data transformation Data transformation applied to microbial abundance measurements prior to differential abundance testing (if any).
relative abundances
Statistical test
LEfSe
Significance threshold p-value or FDR threshold used for differential abundance testing (if any)
0.05
MHT correction Have statistical tests be corrected for multiple hypothesis testing (MHT)?
Yes
LDA Score above Threshold for the linear discriminant analysis (LDA) score for studies using the popular LEfSe tool
2.0

Alpha Diversity

Pielou Quantifies how equal the community is numerically
unchanged
Shannon Estimator of species richness and species evenness: more weight on species richness
unchanged
Richness Number of species
unchanged

Signature 1

Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2024-11-8

Curated date: 2024/10/18

Curator: Rahila

Revision editor(s): Rahila

Source: FIG 2 (B)

Description: Taxonomic biomarkers of gestational diabetes during 3rd trimester of pregnancy identified by linear discriminant analysis (LDA) using LEfSe .

Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) pregnancy

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Acidimicrobiia
Actinomyces
Actinomycetales
Actinomycetota
Collinsella
Coriobacteriaceae
Coriobacteriales
Desulfovibrio
Granulicatella
Leuconostoc
Micrococcaceae
Mogibacterium
Rothia
Lactobacillaceae

Revision editor(s): Rahila

Signature 2

Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2024-11-8

Curated date: 2024/10/18

Curator: Rahila

Revision editor(s): Rahila

Source: FIG 2 (B)

Description: Taxonomic biomarkers of gestational diabetes during 3rd trimester of pregnancy identified by linear discriminant analysis (LDA) using LEfSe .

Abundance in Group 1: decreased abundance in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) pregnancy

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Anaerosporobacter
Acetivibrio
Marvinbryantia

Revision editor(s): Rahila

Experiment 2


Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2024-11-8

Curated date: 2024/10/18

Curator: Rahila

Revision editor(s): Rahila

Differences from previous experiment shown

Subjects

Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies
Previous normoglycaemic pregnancy
Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies
Previous GDM pregnancy
Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
Women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) pregnancy Postpartum (average of nine months) during second visit
Group 0 sample size Number of subjects in the control (unexposed) group
82
Group 1 sample size Number of subjects in the case (exposed) group
43

Lab analysis

Statistical Analysis

Signature 1

Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2024-11-8

Curated date: 2024/10/18

Curator: Rahila

Revision editor(s): Rahila

Source: FIG 2 (D)

Description: Taxonomic biomarkers of gestational diabetes during postpartum pregnancy identified by linear discriminant analysis (LDA) using LEfSe .

Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Previous GDM pregnancy

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Acidimicrobiia
Actinomycetota
Clostridiaceae
Collinsella
Coriobacteriaceae
Coriobacteriales
Dehalobacter
Hafnia
Howardella
Olsenella
Clostridium sensu strictoClostridium sensu stricto

Revision editor(s): Rahila

Signature 2

Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2024-11-8

Curated date: 2024/10/18

Curator: Rahila

Revision editor(s): Rahila

Source: FIG 2 (D)

Description: Taxonomic biomarkers of gestational diabetes during postpartum pregnancy identified by linear discriminant analysis (LDA) using LEfSe .

Abundance in Group 1: decreased abundance in Previous GDM pregnancy

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Fusobacteriaceae
Fusobacterium
Pseudomonadales
Ruminococcus2Ruminococcus2

Revision editor(s): Rahila

Experiment 3


Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2024-11-8

Curated date: 2024/10/18

Curator: Rahila

Revision editor(s): Rahila

Differences from previous experiment shown

Subjects

Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies
Preceding normoglycaemic pregnancy
Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies
Preceding gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) pregnancy
Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
Women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) during third trimester pregnancy within genus-level OTUs
Group 0 sample size Number of subjects in the control (unexposed) group
79

Lab analysis

Statistical Analysis

Data transformation Data transformation applied to microbial abundance measurements prior to differential abundance testing (if any).
raw counts
Statistical test
Wald Test
LDA Score above Threshold for the linear discriminant analysis (LDA) score for studies using the popular LEfSe tool
Not specified


Signature 1

Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2024-11-8

Curated date: 2024/10/18

Curator: Rahila

Revision editor(s): Rahila

Source: Table S5

Description: Operational taxonomic units differentially abundant in women with and without gestational diabetes during third trimester pregnancy at the genus level

Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Preceding gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) pregnancy

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Faecalibacterium
Blautia
Ruminococcus2Ruminococcus2

Revision editor(s): Rahila

Signature 2

Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2024-11-8

Curated date: 2024/10/18

Curator: Rahila

Revision editor(s): Rahila

Source: Table S5

Description: Operational taxonomic units differentially abundant in women with and without gestational diabetes during third trimester pregnancy at the genus level

Abundance in Group 1: decreased abundance in Preceding gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) pregnancy

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Bacteroides
Isobaculum
Clostridium IVClostridium IV
Sutterella
Erysipelotrichaceae incertae sedis
Oscillibacter
Butyricicoccus
Ruminococcus
Intestinimonas
Clostridium XVIIIClostridium XVIII
Acetivibrio
Veillonella
Faecalibacterium

Revision editor(s): Rahila

Experiment 4


Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2024-11-8

Curated date: 2024/10/18

Curator: Rahila

Revision editor(s): Rahila

Differences from previous experiment shown

Subjects

Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies
Previous normoglycaemic pregnancy
Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies
Previous gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) pregnancy
Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
Women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) average of 8.8 months postpartum pregnancy within genus-level OTUs

Lab analysis

Statistical Analysis

Signature 1

Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2024-11-8

Curated date: 2024/10/18

Curator: Rahila

Revision editor(s): Rahila

Source: Table S5

Description: Operational taxonomic units differentially abundant in women with and without gestational diabetes at postpartum pregnancy at the genus level

Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Previous gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) pregnancy

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Faecalibacterium
Clostridium sensu strictoClostridium sensu stricto
Collinsella
Anaerovorax
Alistipes
Phreatobacter

Revision editor(s): Rahila

Signature 2

Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2024-11-8

Curated date: 2024/10/18

Curator: Rahila

Revision editor(s): Rahila

Source: Table S5

Description: Operational taxonomic units differentially abundant in women with and without gestational diabetes at postpartum pregnancy at the genus level

Abundance in Group 1: decreased abundance in Previous gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) pregnancy

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Lachnospiraceae incertae sedis
Clostridium IVClostridium IV
Isobaculum
Bacteroides
Eggerthella
Faecalibacterium

Revision editor(s): Rahila

Experiment 5


Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2024-11-8

Curated date: 2024/10/19

Curator: Rahila

Revision editor(s): Rahila

Differences from previous experiment shown

Subjects

Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies
Normal pre-pregnancy BMI
Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies
Overweight pre-pregnancy BMI
Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
Pregnant women that shows overweight pre-pregnancy BMI
Group 0 sample size Number of subjects in the control (unexposed) group
61
Group 1 sample size Number of subjects in the case (exposed) group
67

Lab analysis

Statistical Analysis

Data transformation Data transformation applied to microbial abundance measurements prior to differential abundance testing (if any).
relative abundances
Statistical test
LEfSe
LDA Score above Threshold for the linear discriminant analysis (LDA) score for studies using the popular LEfSe tool
2.0

Alpha Diversity

Pielou Quantifies how equal the community is numerically
unchanged
Shannon Estimator of species richness and species evenness: more weight on species richness
unchanged
Richness Number of species
unchanged

Signature 1

Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2024-11-8

Curated date: 2024/10/19

Curator: Rahila

Revision editor(s): Rahila

Source: Figure S12

Description: Taxonomic biomarkers of overweight down to genus level identified by linear discriminant analysis (LDA) using LEfSe.

Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Overweight pre-pregnancy BMI

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Parabacteroides
Porphyromonas

Revision editor(s): Rahila

Signature 2

Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2024-11-8

Curated date: 2024/10/19

Curator: Rahila

Revision editor(s): Rahila

Source: Figure S12

Description: Taxonomic biomarkers of overweight down to genus level identified by linear discriminant analysis (LDA) using LEfSe.

Abundance in Group 1: decreased abundance in Overweight pre-pregnancy BMI

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Verrucomicrobiaceae
Verrucomicrobiales
Verrucomicrobiia
Verrucomicrobiota
Akkermansia
Eggerthella
Clostridium XVIIIClostridium XVIII
Sporobacter
Ethanoligenens
Oscillibacter

Revision editor(s): Rahila

Experiment 6


Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2024-11-8

Curated date: 2024/10/19

Curator: Rahila

Revision editor(s): Rahila

Differences from previous experiment shown

Subjects

Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies
obesity pre-pregnancy BMI
Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
Pregnant women that shows obesity pre-pregnancy BMI
Group 1 sample size Number of subjects in the case (exposed) group
58

Lab analysis

Statistical Analysis

Alpha Diversity

Pielou Quantifies how equal the community is numerically
unchanged
Shannon Estimator of species richness and species evenness: more weight on species richness
unchanged
Richness Number of species
unchanged

Signature 1

Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2024-11-8

Curated date: 2024/10/19

Curator: Rahila

Revision editor(s): Rahila

Source: Figure S12

Description: Taxonomic biomarkers of Obesity down to genus level identified by linear discriminant analysis (LDA) using LEfSe.

Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in obesity pre-pregnancy BMI

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Porphyromonas
Acidaminococcus
Ruminococcus2Ruminococcus2

Revision editor(s): Rahila

Signature 2

Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2024-11-8

Curated date: 2024/10/19

Curator: Rahila

Revision editor(s): Rahila

Source: Figure S12

Description: Taxonomic biomarkers of Obesity down to genus level identified by linear discriminant analysis (LDA) using LEfSe.

Abundance in Group 1: decreased abundance in obesity pre-pregnancy BMI

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Ethanoligenens
Sporobacter
Eggerthella
Erysipelotrichaceae incertae sedis

Revision editor(s): Rahila

Experiment 7


Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2024-11-8

Curated date: 2024/10/19

Curator: Rahila

Revision editor(s): Rahila

Differences from previous experiment shown

Subjects

Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies
Lean women
Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies
Overweight women
Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
Women with Overweight body mass index during third trimester of pregnancy
Group 1 sample size Number of subjects in the case (exposed) group
67

Lab analysis

Statistical Analysis

Data transformation Data transformation applied to microbial abundance measurements prior to differential abundance testing (if any).
raw counts
Statistical test
Wald Test
LDA Score above Threshold for the linear discriminant analysis (LDA) score for studies using the popular LEfSe tool
Not specified

Alpha Diversity

Pielou Quantifies how equal the community is numerically
unchanged
Shannon Estimator of species richness and species evenness: more weight on species richness
unchanged
Richness Number of species
unchanged

Signature 1

Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2024-11-8

Curated date: 2024/10/19

Curator: Rahila

Revision editor(s): Rahila

Source: Table S10

Description: Operational taxonomic units differentially abundant in pregnant women between Overweight and Lean pre-pregnancy body mass index

Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Overweight women

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Faecalibacterium

Revision editor(s): Rahila

Signature 2

Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2024-11-8

Curated date: 2024/10/19

Curator: Rahila

Revision editor(s): Rahila

Source: Table S10

Description: Operational taxonomic units differentially abundant in pregnant women between Overweight and Lean pre-pregnancy body mass index

Abundance in Group 1: decreased abundance in Overweight women

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Oscillibacter

Revision editor(s): Rahila

Experiment 8


Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2024-11-8

Curated date: 2024/10/19

Curator: Rahila

Revision editor(s): Rahila

Differences from previous experiment shown

Subjects

Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies
Obese women
Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
Women with Obesity during third trimester of pregnancy
Group 1 sample size Number of subjects in the case (exposed) group
58

Lab analysis

Statistical Analysis

Alpha Diversity

Pielou Quantifies how equal the community is numerically
unchanged
Shannon Estimator of species richness and species evenness: more weight on species richness
unchanged
Richness Number of species
unchanged

Signature 1

Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2024-11-8

Curated date: 2024/10/19

Curator: Rahila

Revision editor(s): Rahila

Source: Table S10

Description: Operational taxonomic units differentially abundant in pregnant women between Obese and Lean pre-pregnancy body mass index

Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Obese women

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Bacteroides
Blautia
Erysipelotrichaceae incertae sedis
Roseburia
Ruminococcus2Ruminococcus2
Faecalibacterium

Revision editor(s): Rahila

Signature 2

Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2024-11-8

Curated date: 2024/10/19

Curator: Rahila

Revision editor(s): Rahila

Source: Table S10

Description: Operational taxonomic units differentially abundant in pregnant women between Obese and Lean pre-pregnancy body mass index

Abundance in Group 1: decreased abundance in Obese women

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Prevotella
Streptococcus
Blautia
Eisenbergiella
Butyricicoccus
Oscillibacter
Papillibacter
Sporobacter
Asteroleplasma

Revision editor(s): Rahila

Experiment 9


Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2024-11-8

Curated date: 2024/10/19

Curator: Rahila

Revision editor(s): Rahila

Differences from previous experiment shown

Subjects

Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies
Normoglycaemic adjusting for pre-pregnancy BMI
Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies
GDM adjusting for pre-pregnancy BMI
Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
Pregnant women with GDM adjusted for pre-pregnancy BMI
Group 0 sample size Number of subjects in the control (unexposed) group
143
Group 1 sample size Number of subjects in the case (exposed) group
43

Lab analysis

Statistical Analysis

Alpha Diversity

Pielou Quantifies how equal the community is numerically
unchanged
Shannon Estimator of species richness and species evenness: more weight on species richness
unchanged
Richness Number of species
unchanged

Signature 1

Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2024-11-8

Curated date: 2024/10/19

Curator: Rahila

Revision editor(s): Rahila

Source: Table S11.

Description: Operational taxonomic units differentially abundant in pregnant women with GDM and normal glucose regulation adjusted for pre-pregnancy BMI

Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in GDM adjusting for pre-pregnancy BMI

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Anaerotruncus
Faecalibacterium

Revision editor(s): Rahila

Signature 2

Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2024-11-8

Curated date: 2024/10/19

Curator: Rahila

Revision editor(s): Rahila

Source: Table S11.

Description: Operational taxonomic units differentially abundant in pregnant women with GDM and normal glucose regulation adjusted for pre-pregnancy BMI

Abundance in Group 1: decreased abundance in GDM adjusting for pre-pregnancy BMI

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Veillonella
Clostridium sensu strictoClostridium sensu stricto

Revision editor(s): Rahila

Experiment 10


Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2024-11-8

Curated date: 2024/10/19

Curator: Rahila

Revision editor(s): Rahila

Differences from previous experiment shown

Subjects

Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies
Normoglycaemic weight gain during pregnancy
Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies
GDM weight gain during pregnancy
Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
Women weight gain during pregnancy adjusted for pre-pregnancy BMI and gestational age

Lab analysis

Statistical Analysis

Alpha Diversity

Pielou Quantifies how equal the community is numerically
unchanged
Shannon Estimator of species richness and species evenness: more weight on species richness
unchanged
Richness Number of species
unchanged

Signature 1

Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2024-11-8

Curated date: 2024/10/19

Curator: Rahila

Revision editor(s): Rahila

Source: Table S12

Description: Operational taxonomic units associated with weight gain during pregnancy adjusted for pre-pregnancy BMI and gestational age

Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in GDM weight gain during pregnancy

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Lactobacillus
Eisenbergiella
Faecalibacterium
Tardiphaga

Revision editor(s): Rahila

Signature 2

Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2024-11-8

Curated date: 2024/10/19

Curator: Rahila

Revision editor(s): Rahila

Source: Table S12

Description: Operational taxonomic units associated with weight gain during pregnancy adjusted for pre-pregnancy BMI and gestational age

Abundance in Group 1: decreased abundance in GDM weight gain during pregnancy

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Alistipes
Blautia
Christensenella
Oscillibacter
Sporobacter
Veillonella
Clostridium IVClostridium IV

Revision editor(s): Rahila