Understanding the microbial basis of body odor in pre-pubescent children and teenagers
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Study information
-
Quality control
- Retracted paper
- Contamination issues suspected
- Batch effect issues suspected
- Uncontrolled confounding suspected
- Results are suspect (various reasons)
- Tags applied
study design
Citation
PMID PubMed identifier for scientific articles.
DOI Digital object identifier for electronic documents.
URI Uniform resource identifier for web resources.
Authors
Lam TH, Verzotto D, Brahma P, Ng AHQ, Hu P, Schnell D, Tiesman J, Kong R, Ton TMU, Li J, Ong M, Lu Y, Swaile D, Liu P, Liu J, Nagarajan N
Journal
Microbiome
Year
2018
BACKGROUND: Even though human sweat is odorless, bacterial growth and decomposition of specific odor precursors in it is believed to give rise to body odor in humans. While mechanisms of odor generation have been widely studied in adults, little is known for teenagers and pre-pubescent children who have distinct sweat composition from immature apocrine and sebaceous glands, but are arguably more susceptible to the social and psychological impact of malodor. RESULTS: We integrated information from whole microbiome analysis of multiple skin sites (underarm, neck, and head) and multiple time points (1 h and 8 h after bath), analyzing 180 samples in total to perform the largest metagenome-wide association study to date on malodor. Significant positive correlations were observed between odor intensity and the relative abundance of Staphylococcus hominis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Cutibacterium avidum, as well as negative correlation with Acinetobacter schindleri and Cutibacterium species. Metabolic pathway analysis highlighted the association of isovaleric and acetic acid production (sour odor) from enriched S. epidermidis (teen underarm) and S. hominis (child neck) enzymes and sulfur production from Staphylococcus species (teen underarm) with odor intensity, in good agreement with observed odor characteristics in pre-pubescent children and teenagers. Experiments with cultures on human and artificial sweat confirmed the ability of S. hominis and S. epidermidis to independently produce malodor with distinct odor characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: These results showcase the power of skin metagenomics to study host-microbial co-metabolic interactions, identifying distinct pathways for odor generation from sweat in pre-pubescent children and teenagers and highlighting key enzymatic targets for intervention.
Experiment 1
Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Shaimaa Elsafoury on 2021/02/09
Subjects
- Location of subjects
- Philippines
- Host species Species from which microbiome was sampled (if applicable)
- Homo sapiens
- Body site Anatomical site where microbial samples were extracted from according to the Uber Anatomy Ontology
- Skin of body Entire integument,Entire skin,Integument,Integumental organ,Pelt,Skin,Skin organ,Skin of body
- Condition The experimental condition / phenotype studied according to the Experimental Factor Ontology
- body odor measurement body odour measurement,body odor measurement
- Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies
- child head
- Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies
- teen head
- Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
- Malodor is a phenotype that is well known to arise from specific interactions between host-derived odor precursors and the microbial metabolism that they support
- Group 0 sample size Number of subjects in the control (unexposed) group
- 15
- Group 1 sample size Number of subjects in the case (exposed) group
- 15
Lab analysis
- Sequencing type
- WMS
- Sequencing platform Manufacturer and experimental platform used for quantifying microbial abundance
- Illumina
Statistical Analysis
- Statistical test
- Mann-Whitney (Wilcoxon)
- Significance threshold p-value or FDR threshold used for differential abundance testing (if any)
- 0.05
- MHT correction Have statistical tests be corrected for multiple hypothesis testing (MHT)?
- Yes
Signature 1
Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Shaimaa Elsafoury on 2021/02/09
Source: Figure S3, S4
Description: Identification of significant microbial genera and species associated with different body sites (head, neck and underarm)
Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in teen head
| NCBI | Links |
|---|---|
| Cutibacterium | |
| Cutibacterium acnes |
Revision editor(s): WikiWorks
Signature 2
Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Shaimaa Elsafoury on 2021/02/09
Source: Figure S3, S4
Description: Identification of significant microbial genera and species associated with different body sites (head, neck and underarm)
Abundance in Group 1: decreased abundance in teen head
| NCBI | Links |
|---|---|
| Malassezia | |
| Staphylococcus | |
| Malassezia globosa | |
| Staphylococcus hominis | |
| Staphylococcus epidermidis |
Revision editor(s): WikiWorks
Experiment 2
Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Shaimaa Elsafoury on 2021/02/09
Subjects
- Location of subjects
- Philippines
- Host species Species from which microbiome was sampled (if applicable)
- Homo sapiens
- Body site Anatomical site where microbial samples were extracted from according to the Uber Anatomy Ontology
- Skin of body Entire integument,Entire skin,Integument,Integumental organ,Pelt,Skin,Skin organ,Skin of body
- Condition The experimental condition / phenotype studied according to the Experimental Factor Ontology
- body odor measurement body odour measurement,body odor measurement
- Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies
- child neck
- Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies
- teen neck
- Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
- Malodor is a phenotype that is well known to arise from specific interactions between host-derived odor precursors and the microbial metabolism that they support
- Group 0 sample size Number of subjects in the control (unexposed) group
- 15
- Group 1 sample size Number of subjects in the case (exposed) group
- 15
Lab analysis
- Sequencing type
- WMS
- Sequencing platform Manufacturer and experimental platform used for quantifying microbial abundance
- Illumina
Statistical Analysis
- Statistical test
- Mann-Whitney (Wilcoxon)
- Significance threshold p-value or FDR threshold used for differential abundance testing (if any)
- 0.05
- MHT correction Have statistical tests be corrected for multiple hypothesis testing (MHT)?
- Yes
Signature 1
Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Shaimaa Elsafoury on 2021/02/09
Source: Figure S3, S4
Description: Identification of significant microbial genera and species associated with different body sites (head, neck and underarm)
Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in teen neck
| NCBI | Links |
|---|---|
| Cutibacterium | |
| Malassezia | |
| Cutibacterium acnes | |
| Malassezia globosa |
Revision editor(s): WikiWorks
Signature 2
Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Shaimaa Elsafoury on 2021/02/09
Source: Figure S3, S4
Description: Identification of significant microbial genera and species associated with different body sites (head, neck and underarm)
Abundance in Group 1: decreased abundance in teen neck
| NCBI | Links |
|---|---|
| Staphylococcus | |
| Staphylococcus hominis |
Revision editor(s): WikiWorks
Experiment 3
Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Shaimaa Elsafoury on 2021/02/09
Subjects
- Location of subjects
- Philippines
- Host species Species from which microbiome was sampled (if applicable)
- Homo sapiens
- Body site Anatomical site where microbial samples were extracted from according to the Uber Anatomy Ontology
- Skin of body Entire integument,Entire skin,Integument,Integumental organ,Pelt,Skin,Skin organ,Skin of body
- Condition The experimental condition / phenotype studied according to the Experimental Factor Ontology
- body odor measurement body odour measurement,body odor measurement
- Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies
- child underarm
- Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies
- teen underarm
- Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
- Malodor is a phenotype that is well known to arise from specific interactions between host-derived odor precursors and the microbial metabolism that they support
- Group 0 sample size Number of subjects in the control (unexposed) group
- 15
- Group 1 sample size Number of subjects in the case (exposed) group
- 15
Lab analysis
- Sequencing type
- WMS
- Sequencing platform Manufacturer and experimental platform used for quantifying microbial abundance
- Illumina
Statistical Analysis
- Statistical test
- Mann-Whitney (Wilcoxon)
- Significance threshold p-value or FDR threshold used for differential abundance testing (if any)
- 0.05
- MHT correction Have statistical tests be corrected for multiple hypothesis testing (MHT)?
- Yes
Signature 1
Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Shaimaa Elsafoury on 2021/02/09
Source: Figure S3, S4
Description: Identification of significant microbial genera and species associated with different body sites (head, neck and underarm)
Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in teen underarm
| NCBI | Links |
|---|---|
| Staphylococcus epidermidis | |
| Malassezia globosa |
Revision editor(s): WikiWorks
Signature 2
Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Shaimaa Elsafoury on 2021/02/09
Source: Figure S3, S4
Description: Identification of significant microbial genera and species associated with different body sites (head, neck and underarm)
Abundance in Group 1: decreased abundance in teen underarm
| NCBI | Links |
|---|---|
| Staphylococcus hominis |
Revision editor(s): WikiWorks
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