Evolution of the Gut Microbiome in HIV-Exposed Uninfected and Unexposed Infants during the First Year of Life

From BugSigDB
Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Mcarlson on 2023-3-28
study design
Citation
PMID PubMed identifier for scientific articles.
DOI Digital object identifier for electronic documents.
URI
Authors
Jackson CL, Frank DN, Robertson CE, Ir D, Kofonow JM, Montlha MP, Mutsaerts EAML, Nunes MC, Madhi SA, Ghosh D, Weinberg A
Journal
mBio
Year
2022
Keywords:
HIV, HIV-exposed uninfected infants, breast milk microbiome, gut microbiome, human immunodeficiency virus, pregnant women with HIV
HIV-exposed uninfected infants (HEU) have abnormal immunologic functions and increased infectious morbidity in the first 6 months of life, which gradually decreases thereafter. The mechanisms underlying HEU immune dysfunctions are unknown. We hypothesized that unique characteristics of the HEU gut microbiota associated with maternal HIV status may underlie the HEU immunologic dysfunctions. We characterized the infant gut, maternal gut, and breast milk microbiomes of mother-infant pairs, including 123 with HEU and 117 with HIV-uninfected infants (HUU), from South Africa. Pan-bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequencing was performed on (i) infant stool at 6, 28, and 62 weeks; (ii) maternal stool at delivery and 62 weeks; and (iii) breast milk at 6 weeks. Infant gut alpha and beta diversities were similar between groups. Microbial composition significantly differed, including 12 genera, 5 families and 1 phylum at 6 weeks; 12 genera and 2 families at 28 weeks; and 2 genera and 2 families at 62 weeks of life. Maternal gut microbiomes significantly differed in beta diversity and microbial composition, and breast milk microbiomes differed in microbial composition only. Infant gut microbiotas extensively overlapped with maternal gut and minimally with breast milk microbiotas. Nevertheless, exclusively breastfed HEU and HUU had less divergent microbiomes than nonexclusively breastfed infants. Feeding pattern and maternal gut microbiome imprint the HEU gut microbiome. Compared to HUU, the HEU gut microbiome prominently differs in early infancy, including increased abundance of taxa previously observed to be present in excess in adults with HIV. The HEU and HUU gut microbiome compositions converge over time, mirroring the kinetics of HEU infectious morbidity risk. IMPORTANCE HIV-exposed uninfected infants (HEU) are highly vulnerable to infections in the first 6 months of life, and this vulnerability decreases to the age of 24 months. Because the microbiome plays a critical role in the education of the infant immune system, which protects them against infections, we characterized the gut microbiomes of HEU and HIV-unexposed infants (HUU) in the first year of life. The HEU and HUU gut microbiomes showed prominent differences at 6 and 28 weeks of life but converged at 62 weeks of life, mirroring the time course of the HEU excess infectious morbidity and suggesting a potential association between the infant gut microbiome structure and susceptibility to infections. Infant gut microbiotas extensively overlapped with maternal gut and minimally with breast milk microbiotas. Moreover, exclusively breastfed HEU and HUU had less divergent microbiomes at 6 and 28 weeks than nonexclusively breastfed HEU and HUU. The factors that affect the HEU gut microbiome, maternal gut microbiome and exclusive breastfeeding, may be targeted by interventions.

Experiment 1


Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Atrayees on 2023-6-2

Curated date: 2023/03/09

Curator: BLESSING123

Revision editor(s): BLESSING123, Mcarlson, Folakunmi

Subjects

Location of subjects
South Africa
Host species Species from which microbiome was sampled. Contact us to have more species added.
Homo sapiens
Body site Anatomical site where microbial samples were extracted from according to the Uber Anatomy Ontology
Feces Cow dung,Cow pat,Droppings,Dung,Excrement,Excreta,Faeces,Fecal material,Fecal matter,Fewmet,Frass,Guano,Matières fécales@fr,Merde@fr,Ordure,Partie de la merde@fr,Piece of shit,Porción de mierda@es,Portion of dung,Portion of excrement,Portion of faeces,Portion of fecal material,Portion of fecal matter,Portion of feces,Portion of guano,Portion of scat,Portionem cacas,Scat,Spoor,Spraint,Stool,Teil der fäkalien@de,Feces,feces
Condition The experimental condition / phenotype studied according to the Experimental Factor Ontology
HIV mother to child transmission HIV MTCT,HIV mother to child transmission,hIV mother to child transmission
Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies
HIV-unexposed infants (HUU) at 6 weeks
Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies
HIV-exposed uninfected infants (HEU) at 6 weeks
Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
In utero-HIV exposed uninfected infants (HEU) at 6 weeks
Group 0 sample size Number of subjects in the control (unexposed) group
78
Group 1 sample size Number of subjects in the case (exposed) group
76
Antibiotics exclusion Number of days without antibiotics usage (if applicable) and other antibiotics-related criteria used to exclude participants (if any)
Infants that did not pass the sequence quality control, those on antibiotics, and HEU infants on Bactrim after 6 weeks of birth.

Lab analysis

Sequencing type
16S
16S variable region One or more hypervariable region(s) of the bacterial 16S gene
V3-V4
Sequencing platform Manufacturer and experimental platform used for quantifying microbial abundance
Illumina

Statistical Analysis

Data transformation Data transformation applied to microbial abundance measurements prior to differential abundance testing (if any).
raw counts
Statistical test
DESeq2
Significance threshold p-value or FDR threshold used for differential abundance testing (if any)
0.05
MHT correction Have statistical tests be corrected for multiple hypothesis testing (MHT)?
Yes

Alpha Diversity

Shannon Estimator of species richness and species evenness: more weight on species richness
unchanged
Chao1 Abundance-based estimator of species richness
unchanged
Richness Number of species
unchanged

Signature 1

Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Atrayees on 2023-6-2

Curated date: 2023/03/09

Curator: BLESSING123

Revision editor(s): BLESSING123

Source: Figure 2d

Description: Genera with significantly different relative abundances between HEU and HUU at 6-weeks.

Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in HIV-exposed uninfected infants (HEU) at 6 weeks

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Barnesiella
Blautia
Eggerthella
Odoribacter
Sneathia
unclassified Bacillota
unclassified Oscillospiraceae

Revision editor(s): BLESSING123

Signature 2

Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Atrayees on 2023-6-2

Curated date: 2023/03/09

Curator: BLESSING123

Revision editor(s): BLESSING123

Source: Figure 2d

Description: Genera with significantly different relative abundances between HEU and HUU at 6-weeks.

Abundance in Group 1: decreased abundance in HIV-exposed uninfected infants (HEU) at 6 weeks

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Candidatus Saccharibacteria genomosp. TM7-H1
Catenibacterium
Enterobacter
Megamonas
unclassified Bacteroidota

Revision editor(s): BLESSING123

Experiment 2


Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Atrayees on 2023-6-2

Curated date: 2023/03/09

Curator: BLESSING123

Revision editor(s): BLESSING123, Mcarlson, Folakunmi, Victoria

Differences from previous experiment shown

Subjects

Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies
HIV-unexposed infants (HUU) at 28 weeks
Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies
HIV-exposed uninfected infants (HEU) at 28 weeks
Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
In utero-HIV exposed uninfected infants (HEU)
Group 0 sample size Number of subjects in the control (unexposed) group
74
Group 1 sample size Number of subjects in the case (exposed) group
71
Antibiotics exclusion Number of days without antibiotics usage (if applicable) and other antibiotics-related criteria used to exclude participants (if any)
Unexposed Infants who had been on antibiotics and HIV-exposed uninfected infants that had not been on Bactrim after 28 weeks of birth were excluded

Lab analysis

Statistical Analysis

Confounders controlled for Confounding factors that have been accounted for by stratification or model adjustment
antibiotic exposure

Alpha Diversity

Shannon Estimator of species richness and species evenness: more weight on species richness
unchanged
Chao1 Abundance-based estimator of species richness
unchanged
Richness Number of species
unchanged

Signature 1

Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Atrayees on 2023-6-2

Curated date: 2023/03/09

Curator: BLESSING123

Revision editor(s): BLESSING123

Source: Figure 2d

Description: Genera with significantly different relative abundances between HEU and HUU at 28-weeks.

Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in HIV-exposed uninfected infants (HEU) at 28 weeks

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Candidatus Epulonipiscium sp.
Klebsiella
Lactococcus
Megamonas
Parasutterella
unclassified Eubacteriales

Revision editor(s): BLESSING123

Signature 2

Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Atrayees on 2023-6-2

Curated date: 2023/03/09

Curator: BLESSING123

Revision editor(s): BLESSING123

Source: Figure 2d

Description: Genera with significantly different relative abundances between HEU and HUU at 28-weeks.

Abundance in Group 1: decreased abundance in HIV-exposed uninfected infants (HEU) at 28 weeks

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Atopobium
Gardnerella
Gemella
Mobiluncus
Parvimonas
Sneathia

Revision editor(s): BLESSING123

Experiment 3


Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Atrayees on 2023-6-2

Curated date: 2023/03/09

Curator: BLESSING123

Revision editor(s): BLESSING123, Mcarlson, Folakunmi, Victoria

Differences from previous experiment shown

Subjects

Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies
HIV-unexposed infants (HUU) at 62 weeks
Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies
HIV-exposed uninfected infants (HEU) at 62 weeks
Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
In utero-HIV exposed uninfected infants (HEU) at 62 weeks
Group 0 sample size Number of subjects in the control (unexposed) group
70
Group 1 sample size Number of subjects in the case (exposed) group
61
Antibiotics exclusion Number of days without antibiotics usage (if applicable) and other antibiotics-related criteria used to exclude participants (if any)
Infants who had been on antibiotics and HIV-exposed uninfected infants that had not been on Bactrim after 62 weeks of birth were excluded

Lab analysis

Statistical Analysis

Alpha Diversity

Shannon Estimator of species richness and species evenness: more weight on species richness
unchanged
Chao1 Abundance-based estimator of species richness
unchanged
Richness Number of species
unchanged

Signature 1

Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Atrayees on 2023-6-2

Curated date: 2023/03/09

Curator: BLESSING123

Revision editor(s): BLESSING123

Source: Figure 2d

Description: Genera with significantly different relative abundances between HEU and HUU at the indicated time points (FDR P < 0.05). 62 weeks

Abundance in Group 1: decreased abundance in HIV-exposed uninfected infants (HEU) at 62 weeks

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Proteus
unclassified Coriobacteriaceae

Revision editor(s): BLESSING123

Experiment 4


Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Atrayees on 2023-6-2

Curated date: 2023/03/10

Curator: BLESSING123

Revision editor(s): BLESSING123, Mcarlson, Folakunmi

Differences from previous experiment shown

Subjects

Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies
Healthy controls at delivery
Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies
HIV-infected mothers at delivery
Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
Mothers infected with HIV at delivery time point
Group 0 sample size Number of subjects in the control (unexposed) group
110
Group 1 sample size Number of subjects in the case (exposed) group
119
Antibiotics exclusion Number of days without antibiotics usage (if applicable) and other antibiotics-related criteria used to exclude participants (if any)
Mothers on antibiotics as at the time of delivery

Lab analysis

Statistical Analysis

Matched on Factors on which subjects have been matched on in a case-control study
sex
Confounders controlled for Confounding factors that have been accounted for by stratification or model adjustment
Not specified

Alpha Diversity

Shannon Estimator of species richness and species evenness: more weight on species richness
unchanged
Chao1 Abundance-based estimator of species richness
unchanged
Richness Number of species
unchanged

Signature 1

Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Atrayees on 2023-6-2

Curated date: 2023/03/10

Curator: BLESSING123

Revision editor(s): BLESSING123, Folakunmi

Source: Figure 3F

Description: Genera with significantly different relative abundances between mothers with and without HIV at the indicated time points (FDR P < 0.05). Delivery

Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in HIV-infected mothers at delivery

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Acidaminococcus
Anaerococcus
Bacteroides
Bilophila
Blautia
Corynebacterium
Flavonifractor
Fusobacterium
Granulicatella
Klebsiella
Mycoplasma
Staphylococcus
Sutterella
unclassified Bacilli
unclassified Burkholderiales
unclassified Corynebacteriaceae
unclassified Erysipelotrichaceae
unclassified Fusobacteriales
unclassified Lachnospiraceae
Megamonas
Parvimonas
unclassified Peptostreptococcaceae

Revision editor(s): BLESSING123, Folakunmi

Signature 2

Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Atrayees on 2023-6-2

Curated date: 2023/03/13

Curator: BLESSING123

Revision editor(s): BLESSING123

Source: Figure 3F

Description: Genera with significantly different relative abundances between mothers with and without HIV at the indicated time points (FDR P < 0.05). Delivery

Abundance in Group 1: decreased abundance in HIV-infected mothers at delivery

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Asteroleplasma
Elusimicrobium
Faecalibacterium
Haemophilus
unclassified Clostridiales Family XVII.

Revision editor(s): BLESSING123

Experiment 5


Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Atrayees on 2023-6-2

Curated date: 2023/03/10

Curator: BLESSING123

Revision editor(s): BLESSING123, Mcarlson, Folakunmi

Differences from previous experiment shown

Subjects

Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies
Healthy controls at 62 weeks
Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies
HIV-infected mothers at 62 weeks
Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
Mothers infected with HIV at 62 weeks time point
Group 0 sample size Number of subjects in the control (unexposed) group
65
Group 1 sample size Number of subjects in the case (exposed) group
71
Antibiotics exclusion Number of days without antibiotics usage (if applicable) and other antibiotics-related criteria used to exclude participants (if any)
Not specified

Lab analysis

Statistical Analysis

Alpha Diversity

Shannon Estimator of species richness and species evenness: more weight on species richness
unchanged
Chao1 Abundance-based estimator of species richness
unchanged
Richness Number of species
unchanged

Signature 1

Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Folakunmi on 2024-2-9

Curated date: 2023/03/13

Curator: BLESSING123

Revision editor(s): BLESSING123, Folakunmi

Source: Figure 3F

Description: Genera with significantly different relative abundances between mothers with and without HIV at the indicated time points (FDR P < 0.05). 62 weeks

Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in HIV-infected mothers at 62 weeks

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Acidaminococcus
Anaerostipes
Blautia
Collinsella
Dorea
Faecalibacterium
Flavonifractor
Megamonas
Parabacteroides
Subdoligranulum
Thalassospira
unclassified Synergistaceae
Holdemania

Revision editor(s): BLESSING123, Folakunmi

Signature 2

Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Folakunmi on 2024-2-9

Curated date: 2023/03/13

Curator: BLESSING123

Revision editor(s): BLESSING123

Source: Figure 3F

Description: Genera with significantly different relative abundances between mothers with and without HIV at the indicated time points (FDR P < 0.05). 62 weeks

Abundance in Group 1: decreased abundance in HIV-infected mothers at 62 weeks

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Acinetobacter
Elusimicrobium
Gemella
Prevotella
Staphylococcus
Veillonella
unclassified Corynebacteriaceae
unclassified Veillonellaceae

Revision editor(s): BLESSING123

Experiment 6


Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Folakunmi on 2024-2-9

Curated date: 2023/03/10

Curator: BLESSING123

Revision editor(s): BLESSING123, Mcarlson, Victoria

Differences from previous experiment shown

Subjects

Body site Anatomical site where microbial samples were extracted from according to the Uber Anatomy Ontology
Milk Mammary gland milk,Milk,milk
Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies
Healthy controls
Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies
HIV-infected mothers
Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
Mothers infected with HIV
Group 0 sample size Number of subjects in the control (unexposed) group
76
Group 1 sample size Number of subjects in the case (exposed) group
88

Lab analysis

Statistical Analysis

Alpha Diversity

Shannon Estimator of species richness and species evenness: more weight on species richness
unchanged
Chao1 Abundance-based estimator of species richness
unchanged
Richness Number of species
unchanged

Signature 1

Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Folakunmi on 2024-2-9

Curated date: 2023/03/13

Curator: BLESSING123

Revision editor(s): BLESSING123

Source: Figure 4F

Description: Genera with significantly different abundances in mothers with and without HIV (FDR P < 0.05).

Abundance in Group 1: decreased abundance in HIV-infected mothers

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
unclassified Peptostreptococcaceae

Revision editor(s): BLESSING123

Signature 2

Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Folakunmi on 2024-2-9

Curated date: 2023/03/13

Curator: BLESSING123

Revision editor(s): BLESSING123

Source: Figure 4F

Description: Genera with significantly different abundances in mothers with and without HIV (FDR P < 0.05).

Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in HIV-infected mothers

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Anaerococcus
Arthrobacter
Atopobium
Bacillus
Blastococcus
Brevibacterium
Chryseobacterium
Corynebacterium
Enterococcus
Exiguobacterium
Faecalibacterium
Finegoldia
Gardnerella
Herbaspirillum
Hymenobacter
Lactococcus
Massilia
Methylobacterium
Micrococcus
Microvirga
Moraxella
Neisseria
Nocardioides
Peptoniphilus
Prevotella
Propionibacterium
Pseudobutyrivibrio
Pseudonocardia
Rubellimicrobium
Rubrobacter
Staphylococcus
unclassified Acidimicrobiales
unclassified Bacillales
unclassified Carnobacteriaceae
unclassified Chitinophagaceae
unclassified Mycobacteriales
unclassified Enterobacteriaceae
unclassified Geodermatophilaceae
unclassified Lachnospiraceae
unclassified Lactobacillales
unclassified Microbacteriaceae
unclassified Micromonosporaceae
unclassified Neisseriaceae
unclassified Nocardiaceae
unclassified Oscillospiraceae
unclassified Oxalobacteraceae
unclassified Sphingomonadales
unclassified Lysobacteraceae

Revision editor(s): BLESSING123

Experiment 7


Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Folakunmi on 2024-2-9

Curated date: 2024/02/09

Curator: Folakunmi

Revision editor(s): Folakunmi

Differences from previous experiment shown

Subjects

Body site Anatomical site where microbial samples were extracted from according to the Uber Anatomy Ontology
Feces Cow dung,Cow pat,Droppings,Dung,Excrement,Excreta,Faeces,Fecal material,Fecal matter,Fewmet,Frass,Guano,Matières fécales@fr,Merde@fr,Ordure,Partie de la merde@fr,Piece of shit,Porción de mierda@es,Portion of dung,Portion of excrement,Portion of faeces,Portion of fecal material,Portion of fecal matter,Portion of feces,Portion of guano,Portion of scat,Portionem cacas,Scat,Spoor,Spraint,Stool,Teil der fäkalien@de,Feces,feces
Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies
Exclusively breastfed HIV-unexposed infants (HUU) at 28 weeks
Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies
Exclusively breastfed HIV-exposed uninfected infants (HEU) at 28 weeks
Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
Exclusively breastfed In utero-HIV exposed uninfected infants (HEU) at 28 weeks
Group 0 sample size Number of subjects in the control (unexposed) group
40
Group 1 sample size Number of subjects in the case (exposed) group
52
Antibiotics exclusion Number of days without antibiotics usage (if applicable) and other antibiotics-related criteria used to exclude participants (if any)
Unexposed Infants who had been on antibiotics and HIV-exposed uninfected infants that had not been on Bactrim after 28 weeks of birth were excluded

Lab analysis

Statistical Analysis

Matched on Factors on which subjects have been matched on in a case-control study
Not specified
Confounders controlled for Confounding factors that have been accounted for by stratification or model adjustment
antibiotic exposure

Alpha Diversity

Shannon Estimator of species richness and species evenness: more weight on species richness
unchanged
Chao1 Abundance-based estimator of species richness
unchanged
Richness Number of species
unchanged

Signature 1

Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Folakunmi on 2024-2-9

Curated date: 2024/02/09

Curator: Folakunmi

Revision editor(s): Folakunmi

Source: Figure 2e

Description: Genera with significantly different relative abundances between HEU and HUU exclusively (Excl.) breastfed at 28 weeks of life

Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Exclusively breastfed HIV-exposed uninfected infants (HEU) at 28 weeks

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Candidatus Epulonipiscium

Revision editor(s): Folakunmi

Signature 2

Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Folakunmi on 2024-2-9

Curated date: 2024/02/09

Curator: Folakunmi

Revision editor(s): Folakunmi

Source: Figure 2e

Description: Genera with significantly different relative abundances between HEU and HUU exclusively (Excl.) breastfed at 28 weeks of life

Abundance in Group 1: decreased abundance in Exclusively breastfed HIV-exposed uninfected infants (HEU) at 28 weeks

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Sneathia

Revision editor(s): Folakunmi

Experiment 8


Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Folakunmi on 2024-2-9

Curated date: 2024/02/09

Curator: Folakunmi

Revision editor(s): Folakunmi

Differences from previous experiment shown

Subjects

Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies
Not exclusively breastfed HIV-unexposed infants (HUU) at 28 weeks
Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies
Not exclusively breastfed HIV-exposed uninfected infants (HEU) at 28 weeks
Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
Not exclusively breastfed (formula feeding) In utero-HIV exposed uninfected infants (HEU) at 28 weeks
Group 0 sample size Number of subjects in the control (unexposed) group
9
Group 1 sample size Number of subjects in the case (exposed) group
19

Lab analysis

Statistical Analysis

Alpha Diversity

Shannon Estimator of species richness and species evenness: more weight on species richness
unchanged
Chao1 Abundance-based estimator of species richness
unchanged
Richness Number of species
unchanged

Signature 1

Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Folakunmi on 2024-2-9

Curated date: 2024/02/09

Curator: Folakunmi

Revision editor(s): Folakunmi

Source: Figure 2e

Description: Genera with significantly different relative abundances between HEU and HUU not exclusively (Excl.) breastfed at 28 weeks of lif

Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Not exclusively breastfed HIV-exposed uninfected infants (HEU) at 28 weeks

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Candidatus Epulonipiscium
unclassified_E01-9C-26unclassified_E01-9C-26
Klebsiella
Pasteurella

Revision editor(s): Folakunmi

Signature 2

Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Folakunmi on 2024-2-9

Curated date: 2024/02/09

Curator: Folakunmi

Revision editor(s): Folakunmi

Source: figure 2e

Description: Genera with significantly different relative abundances between HEU and HUU not exclusively (Excl.) breastfed at 28 weeks of life

Abundance in Group 1: decreased abundance in Not exclusively breastfed HIV-exposed uninfected infants (HEU) at 28 weeks

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Gardnerella
Mobiluncus
Alistipes
Catenibacterium
Dialister
Finegoldia
Gemella
Peptococcus
Peptostreptococcus
Solobacterium
Sneathia

Revision editor(s): Folakunmi