Salivary microbiome in children with Down syndrome: a case-control study
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Study information
-
Quality control
- Retracted paper
- Contamination issues suspected
- Batch effect issues suspected
- Uncontrolled confounding suspected
- Results are suspect (various reasons)
- Tags applied
study design
Citation
PMID PubMed identifier for scientific articles.
DOI Digital object identifier for electronic documents.
Authors
Morishima S, Takeda K, Greenan S, Maki Y
Journal
BMC oral health
Year
2022
Keywords:
Children, Down syndrome, Microbiota, Saliva
BACKGROUND: Down syndrome (DS), a most frequently occurring genetic disorder, is associated with oral morphological abnormalities and higher incidence rates of oral diseases. Recent studies have analyzed the oral microbiome to elucidate their relationships with oral diseases and general health; however, reports on the oral microbiome in individuals with DS are scarce. This study aimed to characterize the oral microbiome in children with DS. METHODS: A total of 54 children aged 1-13 years were enrolled in this case-control study. Of these children, 27 had DS (Case: DS group) and 27 were age-matched healthy children (Control: ND group). Saliva in the oral cavity was collected with a swab, cultured, and tested for cariogenic and periodontopathic bacteria by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) detection, and the salivary microbiome was analyzed using next-generation sequencing. The student's t-test, Fisher's exact test, Mann-Whitney U test, and permutational multivariate analysis of variance were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Results of culture and qPCR detection tests for cariogenic and periodontopathic bacteria showed no significant differences in the detected bacteria between the DS and ND groups, with the exception of a significantly higher detection rate of Candida albicans in children with DS with mixed dentition. A comparison of the salivary microbiomes by 16S sequencing showed no significant difference in α diversity; however, it showed a significant difference in β diversity. Children with DS had a higher relative abundance of Corynebacterium and Cardiobacterium, and lower relative abundance of TM7. CONCLUSIONS: This study provided basic data on the salivary microbiome of children with DS and showed the microbiological markers peculiar to children with DS. However, further research to identify the relationship with oral diseases is warranted.
Experiment 1
Subjects
- Location of subjects
- Japan
- Host species Species from which microbiome was sampled (if applicable)
- Homo sapiens
- Body site Anatomical site where microbial samples were extracted from according to the Uber Anatomy Ontology
- Oral cavity Bucca,Buccal cavity,Cavity of mouth,Oral cavity
- Condition The experimental condition / phenotype studied according to the Experimental Factor Ontology
- Down syndrome Complete trisomy 21 syndrome,complete trisomy 21 syndrome,Complete trisomy 21 syndrome (disorder),Down syndrome,Down syndrome chromosome region,Down syndrome critical region,Down Syndrome, Partial Trisomy 21,DOWN'S SYNDROME,Down's syndrome,Down's syndrome - trisomy 21,Down's syndrome NOS,Down's syndrome NOS (disorder),Downs Syndrome,Downs syndrome,G Trisomy,G trisomy,leukemia, megakaryoblastic, of Down syndrome,Mongolism,Partial Trisomy 21 Down Syndrome,Syndrome, Down,Syndrome, Down's,T21 - Trisomy 21,transient myeloproliferative disorder of Down syndrome,Trisomy 21,trisomy 21,trisomy 21 (Down syndrome),Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome)Downs SyndromeTrisomy 21 Syndrome,Trisomy 21 NOS,trisomy 21 syndrome,Trisomy 21, Meiotic Nondisjunction,Trisomy 21, Mitotic Nondisjunction
- Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies
- Controls children with primary dentition (PD)
- Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies
- Down Syndrome children with primary dentition (PD)
- Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
- Children with Down Syndrome and in the primary dentition stage (from 0.5 years to around 6 years old)
- Group 0 sample size Number of subjects in the control (unexposed) group
- 12
- Group 1 sample size Number of subjects in the case (exposed) group
- 12
- Antibiotics exclusion Number of days without antibiotics usage (if applicable) and other antibiotics-related criteria used to exclude participants (if any)
- 7 days
Lab analysis
- Sequencing type
- 16S
- 16S variable region One or more hypervariable region(s) of the bacterial 16S gene
- V1-V2
- Sequencing platform Manufacturer and experimental platform used for quantifying microbial abundance
- Illumina
Statistical Analysis
- Statistical test
- Mann-Whitney (Wilcoxon)
- Significance threshold p-value or FDR threshold used for differential abundance testing (if any)
- 0.05
- Matched on Factors on which subjects have been matched on in a case-control study
- age
Alpha Diversity
- Shannon Estimator of species richness and species evenness: more weight on species richness
- unchanged
Signature 1
Source: Figure 4
Description: Species-level of salivary microbiomes between children with DS and ND (PD stage)
Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Down Syndrome children with primary dentition (PD)
| NCBI | Quality Control | Links |
|---|---|---|
| Gemella haemolysans | ||
| Neisseria elongata | ||
| Rothia aeria | ||
| Rothia dentocariosa | ||
| Neisseria sicca |
Revision editor(s): Andre
Signature 2
Source: Figure 4
Description: Species-level of salivary microbiomes between children with DS and ND (PD stage)
Abundance in Group 1: decreased abundance in Down Syndrome children with primary dentition (PD)
Revision editor(s): Andre
Experiment 2
Differences from previous experiment shown
Subjects
- Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies
- Controls children with mixed dentition (PD)
- Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies
- Down Syndrome children with mixed dentition (PD)
- Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
- Children with Down Syndrome and in the mixed dentition stage (from 6 years to around 12 years old)
- Group 0 sample size Number of subjects in the control (unexposed) group
- 15
- Group 1 sample size Number of subjects in the case (exposed) group
- 15
Lab analysis
Statistical Analysis
Alpha Diversity
- Shannon Estimator of species richness and species evenness: more weight on species richness
- unchanged
Signature 1
Source: Figure 5
Description: Species level of salivary microbiomes between children with DS and ND (MD stage)
Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Down Syndrome children with mixed dentition (PD)
Revision editor(s): Andre
Signature 2
Source: Figure 5
Description: Species-level of salivary microbiomes between children with DS and ND (MD stage)
Abundance in Group 1: decreased abundance in Down Syndrome children with mixed dentition (PD)
Revision editor(s): Andre
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