Profiling the Salivary microbiome of the Qatari population

From BugSigDB
Needs review
Citation
PMID PubMed identifier for scientific articles.
DOI Digital object identifier for electronic documents.
URI Uniform resource identifier for web resources.
Authors
Murugesan S, Al Ahmad SF, Singh P, Saadaoui M, Kumar M, Al Khodor S
Journal
Journal of translational medicine
Year
2020
BACKGROUND: The role of the human microbiome in human health and disease has been studied in various body sites. However, compared to the gut microbiome, where most of the research focus is, the salivary microbiome still bears a vast amount of information that needs to be revealed. This study aims to characterize the salivary microbiome composition in the Qatari population, and to explore specific microbial signatures that can be associated with various lifestyles and different oral conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We characterized the salivary microbiome of 997 Qatari adults using high-throughput sequencing of the V1-V3 region of the 16S rRNA gene. RESULTS: In this study, we have characterized the salivary microbiome of 997 Qatari participants. Our data show that Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria are the common phyla isolated from the saliva samples, with Bacteroidetes being the most predominant phylum. Bacteroidetes was also more predominant in males versus females in the study cohort, although differences in the microbial diversity were not statistically significant. We also show that, a lower diversity of the salivary microbiome is observed in the elderly participants, with Prevotella and Treponema being the most significant genera. In participants with oral conditions such as mouth ulcers, bleeding or painful gum, our data show that Prevotella and Capnocytophaga are the most dominant genera as compared to the controls. Similar patterns were observed in participants with various smoking habits as compared to the non-smoking participants. Our data show that Streptococcus and Neisseria are more dominant among denture users, as compared to the non-denture users. Our data also show that, abnormal oral conditions are associated with a reduced microbial diversity and microbial richness. Moreover, in this study we show that frequent coffee drinkers have higher microbial diversity compared to the non-drinkers, indicating that coffee may cause changes to the salivary microbiome. Furthermore, tea drinkers show higher microbial richness as compared to the non-tea drinkers. CONCLUSION: This is the first study to assess the salivary microbiome in an Arab population, and one of the largest population-based studies aiming to the characterize the salivary microbiome composition and its association with age, oral health, denture use, smoking and coffee-tea consumption.

Experiment 1


Needs review

Curated date: 2023/03/30

Curator: Suwaiba

Revision editor(s): Suwaiba

Subjects

Location of subjects
Qatar
Host species Species from which microbiome was sampled (if applicable)
Homo sapiens
Body site Anatomical site where microbial samples were extracted from according to the Uber Anatomy Ontology
Saliva Sailva normalis,Saliva atomaris,Saliva molecularis,Salivary gland secretion,Saliva
Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies
Females
Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies
Males
Group 0 sample size Number of subjects in the control (unexposed) group
555
Group 1 sample size Number of subjects in the case (exposed) group
442

Lab analysis

Sequencing type
16S
16S variable region One or more hypervariable region(s) of the bacterial 16S gene
V1-V3
Sequencing platform Manufacturer and experimental platform used for quantifying microbial abundance
Illumina

Statistical Analysis

Data transformation Data transformation applied to microbial abundance measurements prior to differential abundance testing (if any).
relative abundances
Statistical test
LEfSe
Significance threshold p-value or FDR threshold used for differential abundance testing (if any)
0.05
MHT correction Have statistical tests be corrected for multiple hypothesis testing (MHT)?
Yes
LDA Score above Threshold for the linear discriminant analysis (LDA) score for studies using the popular LEfSe tool
2
Confounders controlled for Confounding factors that have been accounted for by stratification or model adjustment
age, sex, smoking status

Alpha Diversity

Shannon Estimator of species richness and species evenness: more weight on species richness
unchanged
Chao1 Abundance-based estimator of species richness
unchanged
Simpson Estimator of species richness and species evenness: more weight on species evenness
unchanged
Richness Number of species
increased

Signature 1

Needs review

Curated date: 2023/03/31

Curator: Suwaiba

Revision editor(s): Suwaiba

Source: Figure 1c

Description: Graphs of linear discriminant analysis (LDA) scores for differentially abundant bacterial phyla and genera; among the two groups. LDA scores indicate overrepresented bacteria in males (green) and females (red)

Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Males

NCBI Links
Spirochaetota
Bergeyella
Tannerella

Revision editor(s): Suwaiba

Signature 2

Needs review

Curated date: 2023/03/31

Curator: Suwaiba

Revision editor(s): Suwaiba

Source: Figure 1c

Description: Graphs of linear discriminant analysis (LDA) scores for differentially abundant bacterial phyla and genera; among the two groups. LDA scores indicate overrepresented bacteria in males (green) and females (red)

Abundance in Group 1: decreased abundance in Males

NCBI Links
Bacteroidota
Treponema
Mycoplasma
Corynebacterium

Revision editor(s): Suwaiba

Experiment 2


Needs review

Curated date: 2023/03/31

Curator: Suwaiba

Revision editor(s): Suwaiba

Differences from previous experiment shown

Subjects

Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies
Adults
Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies
Elderly
Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
People older than 65years of age
Group 0 sample size Number of subjects in the control (unexposed) group
979
Group 1 sample size Number of subjects in the case (exposed) group
18

Lab analysis

Statistical Analysis

Significance threshold p-value or FDR threshold used for differential abundance testing (if any)
0.001
Confounders controlled for Confounding factors that have been accounted for by stratification or model adjustment
age, sex

Alpha Diversity

Richness Number of species
decreased
Faith Phylogenetic diversity, takes into account phylogenetic distance of all taxa identified in a sample
decreased

Signature 1

Needs review

Curated date: 2023/03/31

Curator: Suwaiba

Revision editor(s): Suwaiba

Source: Figure 2c

Description: Graphs of linear discriminant analysis (LDA) scores for differentially abundant bacterial phyla and genera; among the two groups. LDA scores indicate overrepresented bacteria in Elderly (green) and Adults (red).

Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Elderly

NCBI Links
Bacteroidota
Spirochaeta
Prevotella
Treponema
g__Saccharibacteria_TM7__G_3_g__Saccharibacteria_TM7__G_3_

Revision editor(s): Suwaiba

Signature 2

Needs review

Curated date: 2023/03/31

Curator: Suwaiba

Revision editor(s): Suwaiba

Source: Figure 2c

Description: Graphs of linear discriminant analysis (LDA) scores for differentially abundant bacterial phyla and genera; among the two groups. LDA scores indicate overrepresented bacteria in Elderly (green) and Adults (red).

Abundance in Group 1: decreased abundance in Elderly

NCBI Links
Bacillota
Candidatus Saccharibacteria
Actinomycetota
Actinomyces
Fusobacteriota
Pseudomonadota
Lautropia
Megasphaera
Abiotrophia
Stomatobaculum
Catonella
Aggregatibacter
g_Saccharibacteria_TM7__G_1_g_Saccharibacteria_TM7__G_1_
Selenomonas
Campylobacter
Dialister
Mogibacterium
Rothia
g_Peptostreptoccaceae__XI_G_1_g_Peptostreptoccaceae__XI_G_1_
Eikenella
Leptotrichia
Kingella
Granulicatella
Gemella
Anaeroglobus
Lachnoanaerobaculum
Haemophilus
Veillonella
Streptococcus

Revision editor(s): Suwaiba

Experiment 3


Needs review

Curated date: 2023/03/31

Curator: Suwaiba

Revision editor(s): Suwaiba

Differences from previous experiment shown

Subjects

Condition The experimental condition / phenotype studied according to the Experimental Factor Ontology
Gingival bleeding Bleeding gums,Gingival haemorrhage,Gingival hemorrhage,Gingivorrhagia,Gingival bleeding
Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies
Participants without gingivitis bleeding
Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies
Participants with gingival bleeding
Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
Participants reported suffering from a bleeding gum
Group 0 sample size Number of subjects in the control (unexposed) group
913
Group 1 sample size Number of subjects in the case (exposed) group
84

Lab analysis

Statistical Analysis

Significance threshold p-value or FDR threshold used for differential abundance testing (if any)
0.01
MHT correction Have statistical tests be corrected for multiple hypothesis testing (MHT)?
Not specified
Matched on Factors on which subjects have been matched on in a case-control study
age, sex
Confounders controlled for Confounding factors that have been accounted for by stratification or model adjustment
Not specified

Alpha Diversity

Faith Phylogenetic diversity, takes into account phylogenetic distance of all taxa identified in a sample
decreased

Signature 1

Needs review

Curated date: 2023/03/31

Curator: Suwaiba

Revision editor(s): Suwaiba

Source: Figure 3c

Description: Graphs of linear discriminant analysis (LDA) scores for differentially abundant bacterial phyla and genera; among the two groups. LDA scores indicate overrepresented bacteria in individuals that did not report bleeding (green) and the participants that reported bleeding gums (red)

Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Participants with gingival bleeding

NCBI Links
Bacteroidota
Capnocytophaga
Prevotella

Revision editor(s): Suwaiba

Signature 2

Needs review

Curated date: 2023/03/31

Curator: Suwaiba

Revision editor(s): Suwaiba

Source: Figure 3c

Description: Graphs of linear discriminant analysis (LDA) scores for differentially abundant bacterial phyla and genera; among the two groups. LDA scores indicate overrepresented bacteria in individuals that did not report bleeding (green) and the participants that reported bleeding gums (red)

Abundance in Group 1: decreased abundance in Participants with gingival bleeding

NCBI Links
Alloprevotella
Bacillota
Candidatus Saccharibacteria
Fusobacteriota
Gemella
Granulicatella
Haemophilus
Lautropia
Leptotrichia
Megasphaera
Neisseria
Pseudomonadota
Streptococcus
Veillonella
g__Saccharibacteria_TM7__G_1_g__Saccharibacteria_TM7__G_1_
Actinomycetota

Revision editor(s): Suwaiba

Experiment 4


Needs review

Curated date: 2023/03/31

Curator: Suwaiba

Revision editor(s): Suwaiba

Differences from previous experiment shown

Subjects

Condition The experimental condition / phenotype studied according to the Experimental Factor Ontology
Oral ulcer Mouth sore,Mouth ulcer,Oral mucosal ulceration,Oral ulcer
Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies
Participants without oral ulcers
Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies
Participants with oral ulcers
Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
Participants who reported suffering from oral ulcers
Group 0 sample size Number of subjects in the control (unexposed) group
960
Group 1 sample size Number of subjects in the case (exposed) group
37

Lab analysis

Statistical Analysis

Significance threshold p-value or FDR threshold used for differential abundance testing (if any)
0.001
MHT correction Have statistical tests be corrected for multiple hypothesis testing (MHT)?
Yes

Alpha Diversity

Faith Phylogenetic diversity, takes into account phylogenetic distance of all taxa identified in a sample
decreased

Signature 1

Needs review

Curated date: 2023/03/31

Curator: Suwaiba

Revision editor(s): Suwaiba

Source: Figure 4c

Description: Graphs of linear discriminant analysis (LDA) scores for differentially abundant bacterial phyla and genera; among the two groups. LDA scores indicate overrepresented bacteria in individuals that did not report any mouth ulcer (green) and the participants that reported having mouth ulcers (red)

Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Participants with oral ulcers

NCBI Links
Bacteroidota
Capnocytophaga
Prevotella

Revision editor(s): Suwaiba

Signature 2

Needs review

Curated date: 2023/03/31

Curator: Suwaiba

Revision editor(s): Suwaiba

Source: Figure 4c

Description: Graphs of linear discriminant analysis (LDA) scores for differentially abundant bacterial phyla and genera; among the two groups. LDA scores indicate overrepresented bacteria in individuals that did not report any mouth ulcer (green) and the participants that reported having mouth ulcers (red)

Abundance in Group 1: decreased abundance in Participants with oral ulcers

NCBI Links
Bacillota
Fusobacteriota
Gemella
Granulicatella
Haemophilus
Leptotrichia
Megasphaera
Neisseria
Pseudomonadota
Streptococcus
Veillonella
Actinomycetota

Revision editor(s): Suwaiba

Experiment 5


Needs review

Curated date: 2023/03/31

Curator: Suwaiba

Revision editor(s): Suwaiba

Differences from previous experiment shown

Subjects

Condition The experimental condition / phenotype studied according to the Experimental Factor Ontology
dentures false teeth,dentures
Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies
Participants without dentures
Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies
Participants with dentures
Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
Participants who reported using dentures
Group 0 sample size Number of subjects in the control (unexposed) group
861
Group 1 sample size Number of subjects in the case (exposed) group
136

Lab analysis

Statistical Analysis

Alpha Diversity

Faith Phylogenetic diversity, takes into account phylogenetic distance of all taxa identified in a sample
decreased

Signature 1

Needs review

Curated date: 2023/03/31

Curator: Suwaiba

Revision editor(s): Suwaiba

Source: Figure 5c

Description: Graphs of linear discriminant analysis (LDA) scores for differentially abundant bacterial phyla and genera; among the two groups. LDA scores indicate overrepresented bacteria in individuals that did not use dentures (green) and the participants that reported using dentures (red)

Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Participants with dentures

NCBI Links
Actinomycetota
Pseudomonadota
Pseudoramibacter
Neisseria
Streptococcus

Revision editor(s): Suwaiba

Signature 2

Needs review

Curated date: 2023/03/31

Curator: Suwaiba

Revision editor(s): Suwaiba

Source: Figure 5c

Description: Graphs of linear discriminant analysis (LDA) scores for differentially abundant bacterial phyla and genera; among the two groups. LDA scores indicate overrepresented bacteria in individuals that did not use dentures (green) and the participants that reported using dentures (red)

Abundance in Group 1: decreased abundance in Participants with dentures

NCBI Links
Campylobacter
g__Ruminococcaceae__G_2_g__Ruminococcaceae__G_2_

Revision editor(s): Suwaiba

Experiment 6


Needs review

Curated date: 2023/03/31

Curator: Suwaiba

Revision editor(s): Suwaiba

Differences from previous experiment shown

Subjects

Condition The experimental condition / phenotype studied according to the Experimental Factor Ontology
smoking behavior smoking,smoking behavior
Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies
Non-smokers
Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies
Smokers
Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
Participants classified as smokers
Group 0 sample size Number of subjects in the control (unexposed) group
733
Group 1 sample size Number of subjects in the case (exposed) group
264

Lab analysis

Statistical Analysis

Significance threshold p-value or FDR threshold used for differential abundance testing (if any)
0.05
MHT correction Have statistical tests be corrected for multiple hypothesis testing (MHT)?
Not specified
Matched on Factors on which subjects have been matched on in a case-control study
Not specified

Alpha Diversity

Shannon Estimator of species richness and species evenness: more weight on species richness
unchanged
Faith Phylogenetic diversity, takes into account phylogenetic distance of all taxa identified in a sample
decreased

Signature 1

Needs review

Curated date: 2023/03/31

Curator: Suwaiba

Revision editor(s): Suwaiba

Source: Figure 6c

Description: Graphs of linear discriminant analysis (LDA) scores for differentially abundant bacterial phyla and genera; among the two groups. LDA scores indicate overrepresented bacteria in smokers (green) and non- smokers (red)

Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Smokers

NCBI Links
Bacteroidota
Prevotella

Revision editor(s): Suwaiba

Signature 2

Needs review

Curated date: 2023/03/31

Curator: Suwaiba

Revision editor(s): Suwaiba

Source: Figure 6c

Description: Graphs of linear discriminant analysis (LDA) scores for differentially abundant bacterial phyla and genera; among the two groups. LDA scores indicate overrepresented bacteria in smokers (green) and non- smokers (red)

Abundance in Group 1: decreased abundance in Smokers

NCBI Links
Pseudomonadota
Synergistota
Lactococcus
Corynebacterium
Gemella
Capnocytophaga
Streptococcus

Revision editor(s): Suwaiba

Experiment 7


Needs review

Curated date: 2023/03/31

Curator: Suwaiba

Revision editor(s): Suwaiba

Differences from previous experiment shown

Subjects

Condition The experimental condition / phenotype studied according to the Experimental Factor Ontology
coffee consumption caffeine consumption,coffee consumption
Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies
Non-coffee drinkers
Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies
Coffee drinkers
Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
Participants considered coffee drinkers
Group 0 sample size Number of subjects in the control (unexposed) group
887
Group 1 sample size Number of subjects in the case (exposed) group
110

Lab analysis

Statistical Analysis

Significance threshold p-value or FDR threshold used for differential abundance testing (if any)
0.001
MHT correction Have statistical tests be corrected for multiple hypothesis testing (MHT)?
Yes
Confounders controlled for Confounding factors that have been accounted for by stratification or model adjustment
age, sex

Alpha Diversity

Faith Phylogenetic diversity, takes into account phylogenetic distance of all taxa identified in a sample
increased

Signature 1

Needs review

Curated date: 2023/03/31

Curator: Suwaiba

Revision editor(s): Suwaiba

Source: Figure 7c

Description: Graphs of linear discriminant analysis (LDA) scores for differentially abundant bacterial phyla and genera; among the two groups. LDA scores indicate overrepresented bacteria in individuals that do not drink coffee (green) and the participants that are considered coffee drinkers (red)

Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Coffee drinkers

NCBI Links
Candidatus Saccharibacteria
Actinomycetota
Pseudomonadota
Bacillota
g__Saccharibacteria__TM7_G_1_g__Saccharibacteria__TM7_G_1_
Lautropia
Granulicatella
Haemophilus
Veillonella
Streptococcus

Revision editor(s): Suwaiba

Signature 2

Needs review

Curated date: 2023/03/31

Curator: Suwaiba

Revision editor(s): Suwaiba

Source: Figure 7c

Description: Graphs of linear discriminant analysis (LDA) scores for differentially abundant bacterial phyla and genera; among the two groups. LDA scores indicate overrepresented bacteria in individuals that do not drink coffee (green) and the participants that are considered coffee drinkers (red)

Abundance in Group 1: decreased abundance in Coffee drinkers

NCBI Links
Bacteroidota
Fusobacteriota
Prevotella

Revision editor(s): Suwaiba

Experiment 8


Needs review

Curated date: 2023/03/31

Curator: Suwaiba

Revision editor(s): Suwaiba

Differences from previous experiment shown

Subjects

Condition The experimental condition / phenotype studied according to the Experimental Factor Ontology
Not specified
Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies
Non tea drinkers
Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies
Tea drinkers
Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
Participants considered tea drinkers
Group 0 sample size Number of subjects in the control (unexposed) group
229
Group 1 sample size Number of subjects in the case (exposed) group
768

Lab analysis

Statistical Analysis

MHT correction Have statistical tests be corrected for multiple hypothesis testing (MHT)?
Not specified
Confounders controlled for Confounding factors that have been accounted for by stratification or model adjustment
Not specified

Alpha Diversity

Richness Number of species
increased

Signature 1

Needs review

Curated date: 2023/03/31

Curator: Suwaiba

Revision editor(s): Suwaiba

Source: Figure 8c

Description: Graphs of linear discriminant analysis (LDA) scores for differentially abundant bacterial phyla and genera; among the two groups. Features with LDA scores ≥ 2 are presented

Abundance in Group 1: decreased abundance in Tea drinkers

NCBI Links
Capnocytophaga

Revision editor(s): Suwaiba