The effects of cigarette smoking on the salivary and tongue microbiome

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Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Fatima on 2023-4-3
Citation
PMID PubMed identifier for scientific articles.
DOI Digital object identifier for electronic documents.
Authors
Masahiro Yoneda, Nao Suzuki, Takao Hirofuji, Takashi Hanioka, Yoshio Nakano
Journal
Clinical and experimental dental research
Year
2022
Pages:
8
First page:
449
Keywords:
saliva, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, cigarette smoking, oral microbiome, tongue
Objectives: It has been suggested that smoking affects the oral microbiome, but its effects on sites other than the subgingival microbiome remain unclear. This study investigated the composition of the salivary and tongue bacterial communities of smokers and nonsmokers in periodontally healthy adults.

Methods: The study population included 50 healthy adults. The bacterial composition of resting saliva and the tongue coating was identified through barcoded pyrosequencing analysis of the 16S rRNA gene. The Brinkman index (BI) was used to calculate lifetime exposure to smoking. The richness and diversity of the microbiome were evaluated using the t-test. Differences in the proportions of bacterial genera between smokers and nonsmokers were evaluated using the Mann-Whitney U test. The quantitative relationship between the proportions of genera and the BI was evaluated using Pearson's correlation analysis.

Results: The richness and diversity of the oral microbiome differed significantly between saliva and the tongue but not between smokers and nonsmokers. The saliva samples from smokers were enriched with the genera Treponema and Selenomonas. The tongue samples from smokers were enriched with the genera Dialister and Atopobium. The genus Cardiobacterium in saliva, and the genus Granulicatella on the tongue, were negatively correlated with BI values. On the other hand, the genera Treponema, Oribacterium, Dialister, Filifactor, Veillonella, and Selenomonas in saliva and Dialister, Bifidobacterium, Megasphaera, Mitsuokella, and Cryptobacterium on the tongue were positively correlated with BI values.

Conclusions: The saliva and tongue microbial profiles of smokers and nonsmokers differed in periodontally healthy adults. The genera associated with periodontitis and oral malodor accounted for high proportions in saliva and on the tongue of smokers without periodontitis and were positively correlated with lifetime exposure to smoking. The tongue might be a reservoir of pathogens associated with oral disease in smokers.

Experiment 1


Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Fatima on 2023-4-3

Curated date: 2023/03/13

Curator: Chioma

Revision editor(s): Chioma, Fatima

Subjects

Location of subjects
Japan
Host species Species from which microbiome was sampled. Contact us to have more species added.
Homo sapiens
Body site Anatomical site where microbial samples were extracted from according to the Uber Anatomy Ontology
Saliva Sailva normalis,Saliva atomaris,Saliva molecularis,Salivary gland secretion,Saliva,saliva
Condition The experimental condition / phenotype studied according to the Experimental Factor Ontology
Smoking behavior smoking,Smoking behavior,smoking behavior
Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies
Nonsmokers
Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies
Smokers
Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
Smokers who have smoked 100 or more cigarettes since they started smoking.
Group 0 sample size Number of subjects in the control (unexposed) group
32
Group 1 sample size Number of subjects in the case (exposed) group
18
Antibiotics exclusion Number of days without antibiotics usage (if applicable) and other antibiotics-related criteria used to exclude participants (if any)
The both groups did not take any antibiotics 3 months prior to the study.

Lab analysis

Sequencing type
16S
16S variable region One or more hypervariable region(s) of the bacterial 16S gene
V3-V4
Sequencing platform Manufacturer and experimental platform used for quantifying microbial abundance
Roche454

Statistical Analysis

Data transformation Data transformation applied to microbial abundance measurements prior to differential abundance testing (if any).
relative abundances
Statistical test
Mann-Whitney (Wilcoxon)
Significance threshold p-value or FDR threshold used for differential abundance testing (if any)
0.05
MHT correction Have statistical tests be corrected for multiple hypothesis testing (MHT)?
No

Alpha Diversity

Shannon Estimator of species richness and species evenness: more weight on species richness
unchanged
Richness Number of species
unchanged

Signature 1

Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Fatima on 2023-4-3

Curated date: 2023/03/13

Curator: Chioma

Revision editor(s): Chioma

Source: figure 3a

Description: Bacteria genera in saliva that differed significantly between smokers and nonsmokers.

Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Smokers

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Selenomonas
Treponema

Revision editor(s): Chioma

Signature 2

Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Fatima on 2023-4-3

Curated date: 2023/03/13

Curator: Chioma

Revision editor(s): Chioma

Source: figure 3a

Description: Bacteria genera in saliva that differed significantly between smokers and nonsmokers.

Abundance in Group 1: decreased abundance in Smokers

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Capnocytophaga
Cardiobacterium

Revision editor(s): Chioma

Experiment 2


Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Fatima on 2023-4-3

Curated date: 2023/03/23

Curator: Chioma

Revision editor(s): Chioma, Fatima

Differences from previous experiment shown

Subjects

Body site Anatomical site where microbial samples were extracted from according to the Uber Anatomy Ontology
Tongue Glossus,Tongue,tongue


Lab analysis

Sequencing platform Manufacturer and experimental platform used for quantifying microbial abundance
Illumina

Statistical Analysis

Alpha Diversity

Shannon Estimator of species richness and species evenness: more weight on species richness
unchanged
Richness Number of species
unchanged

Signature 1

Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Fatima on 2023-4-3

Curated date: 2023/03/23

Curator: Chioma

Revision editor(s): Chioma

Source: figure 3b

Description: Bacteria genera in tongue that differed significantly between smokers and nonsmokers

Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Smokers

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Atopobium
Dialister

Revision editor(s): Chioma

Signature 2

Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Fatima on 2023-4-3

Curated date: 2023/03/23

Curator: Chioma

Revision editor(s): Chioma

Source: figure 3b

Description: Bacteria genera in tongue that differed significantly between smokers and nonsmokers

Abundance in Group 1: decreased abundance in Smokers

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Catonella
Gemella
Granulicatella
Haemophilus
Peptostreptococcaceae
Peptostreptococcus

Revision editor(s): Chioma