The long-term gut bacterial signature of a wild primate is associated with a timing effect of pre- and postnatal maternal glucocorticoid levels

From BugSigDB
incomplete
Citation
PMID PubMed identifier for scientific articles.
DOI Digital object identifier for electronic documents.
URI
Authors
Anzà S, Schneider D, Daniel R, Heistermann M, Sangmaneedet S, Ostner J, Schülke O
Journal
Microbiome
Year
2023
Keywords:
16S rRNA gene, Bacteria, Development, Dysbiosis, Health, Long-term, Macaques, Prenatal stress, Primates, Programming
BACKGROUND: During development, elevated levels of maternal glucocorticoids (GCs) can have detrimental effects on offspring morphology, cognition, and behavior as well as physiology and metabolism. Depending on the timing of exposure, such effects may vary in strength or even reverse in direction, may alleviate with age, or may concern more stable and long-term programming of phenotypic traits. Maternal effects on gut bacterial diversity, composition, and function, and the persistence of such effects into adulthood of long-lived model species in the natural habitats remain underexplored. RESULTS: In a cross-sectional sample of infant, juvenile, and adult Assamese macaques, the timing of exposure to elevated maternal GCs during ontogeny was associated with the gut bacterial community of the offspring. Specifically, naturally varying maternal GC levels during early but not late gestation or lactation were associated with reduced bacterial richness. The overall effect of maternal GCs during early gestation on the gut bacterial composition and function exacerbated with offspring age and was 10 times stronger than the effect associated with exposure during late prenatal or postnatal periods. Instead, variation in maternal GCs during the late prenatal or postnatal period had less pronounced or less stable statistical effects and therefore a weaker effect on the entire bacterial community composition, particularly in adult individuals. Finally, higher early prenatal GCs were associated with an increase in the relative abundance of several potential pro-inflammatory bacteria and a decrease in the abundance of Bifidobacterium and other anti-inflammatory taxa, an effect that exacerbated with age. CONCLUSIONS: In primates, the gut microbiota can be shaped by developmental effects with strong timing effects on plasticity and potentially detrimental consequences for adult health. Together with results on other macaque species, this study suggests potential detrimental developmental effects similar to rapid inflammaging, suggesting that prenatal exposure to high maternal GC concentrations is a common cause underlying both phenomena. Our findings await confirmation by metagenomic functional and causal analyses and by longitudinal studies of long-lived, ecologically flexible primates in their natural habitat, including developmental effects that originate before birth. Video Abstract.

Experiment 1


Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2024-9-13

Curated date: 2024/03/19

Curator: Ikehdarlington

Revision editor(s): Ikehdarlington, Joan Chuks, Victoria

Subjects

Location of subjects
Thailand
Host species Species from which microbiome was sampled. Contact us to have more species added.
Macaca assamensis
Body site Anatomical site where microbial samples were extracted from according to the Uber Anatomy Ontology
Feces Cow dung,Cow pat,Droppings,Dung,Excrement,Excreta,Faeces,Fecal material,Fecal matter,Fewmet,Frass,Guano,Matières fécales@fr,Merde@fr,Ordure,Partie de la merde@fr,Piece of shit,Porción de mierda@es,Portion of dung,Portion of excrement,Portion of faeces,Portion of fecal material,Portion of fecal matter,Portion of feces,Portion of guano,Portion of scat,Portionem cacas,Scat,Spoor,Spraint,Stool,Teil der fäkalien@de,Feces,feces
Condition The experimental condition / phenotype studied according to the Experimental Factor Ontology
Response to glucocorticoid response to glucocorticoid stimulus,Response to glucocorticoid,response to glucocorticoid
Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies
Early pregnancy glucocorticoid(Early-preGC) exposure in 4.7years (mean age)
Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies
Early pregnancy glucocorticoid (Early-preGC) exposure in 2.3years (mean age -1SD)
Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
Assamese macaques aged 2.3 years (roughly equivalent to infants age class), who were exposed to prenatal, maternal glucocorticoid in early pregnancy/gestation (Early-preGC) during the Rich season(periods of abundant food availability)
Group 0 sample size Number of subjects in the control (unexposed) group
16
Group 1 sample size Number of subjects in the case (exposed) group
16

Lab analysis

Sequencing type
16S
16S variable region One or more hypervariable region(s) of the bacterial 16S gene
V3-V4
Sequencing platform Manufacturer and experimental platform used for quantifying microbial abundance
Illumina

Statistical Analysis

Data transformation Data transformation applied to microbial abundance measurements prior to differential abundance testing (if any).
centered log-ratio
Statistical test
ANCOM
Significance threshold p-value or FDR threshold used for differential abundance testing (if any)
0.05
MHT correction Have statistical tests be corrected for multiple hypothesis testing (MHT)?
Yes

Alpha Diversity

Shannon Estimator of species richness and species evenness: more weight on species richness
unchanged
Inverse Simpson Modification of Simpsons index D as 1/D to obtain high values in datasets of high diversity and vice versa
unchanged
Richness Number of species
decreased
Faith Phylogenetic diversity, takes into account phylogenetic distance of all taxa identified in a sample
decreased

Signature 1

Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2024-9-13

Curated date: 2024/03/20

Curator: Ikehdarlington

Revision editor(s): Ikehdarlington, Joan Chuks

Source: Figure 4A

Description: Bacteria Taxa determined by ANCOM-BC to be differentially abundant in 2.3years old Assamese macaques (mean age -1SD, equivalent to infant age class) Versus 4.7years old Assamese macaques (mean age, equivalent to Juvenile age class), exposed to prenatal, maternal glucocorticoid during early pregnancy/gestation (Early-preGC), as assessed within the rich season.

Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Early pregnancy glucocorticoid (Early-preGC) exposure in 2.3years (mean age -1SD)

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Anaerotignum
Bifidobacterium
Butyricimonas
Caldicoprobacter
Colidextribacter
Collinsella
Elusimicrobium
Entomoplasma
Eubacterium coprostanoligenes
Eubacterium xylanophilum
Flavonifractor
Intestinibacter
Intestinimonas
Olsenella
Oscillospira
Phascolarctobacterium
Slackia
Solobacterium
Succinivibrio
[Eubacterium] siraeum
unclassified Acetivibrio
unclassified Atopobiaceae
unclassified Bacilli
unclassified Candidatus Gastranaerophilales
unclassified Erysipelotrichaceae
unclassified Oscillospiraceae
unclassified Peptostreptococcaceae
unclassified Rhodospirillales
unclassified Syntrophomonadaceae
Unclassified UCG-009Unclassified UCG-009
Unclassified UCG-003Unclassified UCG-003
Lachnospiraceae FCS020 groupLachnospiraceae FCS020 group
Unclassified UCG-010Unclassified UCG-010
Unclassified UCG-005Unclassified UCG-005
EMP-G18EMP-G18
Prevotellaceae NK3B31 groupPrevotellaceae NK3B31 group
Unclassified Clostridia UCG-014Unclassified Clostridia UCG-014
Unclassified Clostridia vadinBB60 groupUnclassified Clostridia vadinBB60 group
uncultured Lachnospiraceae bacterium

Revision editor(s): Ikehdarlington, Joan Chuks

Signature 2

Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2024-9-13

Curated date: 2024/03/20

Curator: Ikehdarlington

Revision editor(s): Ikehdarlington, Joan Chuks

Source: Figure 4A

Description: Bacteria Taxa determined by ANCOM-BC to be differentially abundant in 2.3years old Assamese macaques (mean age -1SD, equivalent to infant age class) Versus 4.7years old Assamese macaques (mean age, equivalent to Juvenile age class), exposed to prenatal, maternal glucocorticoid during early pregnancy/gestation (Early-preGC), as assessed within the rich season.

Abundance in Group 1: decreased abundance in Early pregnancy glucocorticoid (Early-preGC) exposure in 2.3years (mean age -1SD)

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Alloscardovia
Dorea
Eubacterium coprostanoligenes
Faecalibacterium
Fibrobacter
Fusobacterium
Gemella
Granulicatella
Lachnospiraceae bacterium NC2004
Oscillibacter
Rodentibacter
Tyzzerella
unclassified Christensenellaceae
unclassified Clostridiaceae
unclassified Coriobacteriales
unclassified Eggerthellaceae
unclassified Enterobacteriaceae
unclassified Enterococcaceae
unclassified Muribaculaceae
unclassified Rhodospirillales
unclassified Thomasclavelia
uncultured Lachnospiraceae bacterium
Rikenellaceae RC9 gut groupRikenellaceae RC9 gut group
Unclassified Clostridia UCG-014Unclassified Clostridia UCG-014
Family XIII AD3011 groupFamily XIII AD3011 group
unclassified Bacteroidales

Revision editor(s): Ikehdarlington, Joan Chuks

Experiment 2


Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2024-9-13

Curated date: 2024/03/21

Curator: Joan Chuks

Revision editor(s): Joan Chuks, Ikehdarlington, Victoria

Differences from previous experiment shown

Subjects

Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies
Early pregnancy glucocorticoid(Early-preGC) exposure in 4.7years old(mean age)
Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies
Early pregnancy glucocorticoid (Early-preGC) exposure in 7.1years old(mean age +1SD)
Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
Assamese macaques aged 7.1years (equivalent to Adult age class), who were exposed to prenatal, maternal glucocorticoid in early pregnancy/gestation (Early-preGC) during the Rich season (periods of abundant food availability).

Lab analysis

Statistical Analysis

Alpha Diversity

Shannon Estimator of species richness and species evenness: more weight on species richness
unchanged
Inverse Simpson Modification of Simpsons index D as 1/D to obtain high values in datasets of high diversity and vice versa
unchanged
Richness Number of species
decreased
Faith Phylogenetic diversity, takes into account phylogenetic distance of all taxa identified in a sample
decreased

Signature 1

Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2024-9-13

Curated date: 2024/03/21

Curator: Joan Chuks

Revision editor(s): Joan Chuks, Ikehdarlington

Source: Figure 4A

Description: Bacteria Taxa determined by ANCOM-BC to be differentially abundant in 7.1 years old Assamese macaques (mean age +1SD-equivalent to Adult age class) Versus 4.7 years old Assamese macaques (mean age: equivalent to Juvenile age class), exposed to prenatal, maternal glucocorticoid during early pregnancy/gestation (Early-preGC), as assessed within the rich season.

Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Early pregnancy glucocorticoid (Early-preGC) exposure in 7.1years old(mean age +1SD)

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Alloscardovia
Butyricimonas
Dorea
Eubacterium coprostanoligenes
Faecalibacterium
Fibrobacter
Fusobacterium
Granulicatella
Lachnospiraceae bacterium NC2004
Oscillibacter
Rodentibacter
Tyzzerella
unclassified Coriobacteriales
unclassified Eggerthellaceae
unclassified Enterobacteriaceae
unclassified Enterococcaceae
unclassified Rhodospirillales
Unclassified Clostridia UCG-014Unclassified Clostridia UCG-014
Rikenellaceae RC9 gut groupRikenellaceae RC9 gut group
unclassified Bacteroidales
uncultured Lachnospiraceae bacterium

Revision editor(s): Joan Chuks, Ikehdarlington

Signature 2

Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2024-9-13

Curated date: 2024/03/21

Curator: Joan Chuks

Revision editor(s): Joan Chuks, Ikehdarlington

Source: Figure 4A

Description: Bacteria Taxa determined by ANCOM-BC to be differentially abundant in 7.1 years old Assamese macaques (mean age +1SD-equivalent to Adult age class) Versus 4.7 years old Assamese macaques (mean age: equivalent to Juvenile age class), exposed to prenatal, maternal glucocorticoid during early pregnancy/gestation (Early-preGC), as assessed within the rich season.

Abundance in Group 1: decreased abundance in Early pregnancy glucocorticoid (Early-preGC) exposure in 7.1years old(mean age +1SD)

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Anaerotignum
Bifidobacterium
Caldicoprobacter
Colidextribacter
Collinsella
Elusimicrobium
Entomoplasma
Eubacterium coprostanoligenes
Eubacterium xylanophilum
Flavonifractor
Intestinibacter
Intestinimonas
Olsenella
Oscillospira
Phascolarctobacterium
Slackia
Solobacterium
Succinivibrio
[Eubacterium] siraeum
unclassified Acetivibrio
unclassified Atopobiaceae
unclassified Bacilli
unclassified Candidatus Gastranaerophilales
unclassified Christensenellaceae
unclassified Clostridiaceae
unclassified Erysipelotrichaceae
unclassified Muribaculaceae
unclassified Oscillospiraceae
unclassified Peptostreptococcaceae
unclassified Rhodospirillales
unclassified Syntrophomonadaceae
unclassified Thomasclavelia
Unclassified Clostridia UCG-014Unclassified Clostridia UCG-014
Unclassified Clostridia vadinBB60 groupUnclassified Clostridia vadinBB60 group
Unclassified UCG-009Unclassified UCG-009
Unclassified UCG-003Unclassified UCG-003
Lachnospiraceae FCS020 groupLachnospiraceae FCS020 group
Unclassified UCG-010Unclassified UCG-010
Unclassified UCG-005Unclassified UCG-005
Family XIII AD3011 groupFamily XIII AD3011 group
EMP-G18EMP-G18
Prevotellaceae NK3B31 groupPrevotellaceae NK3B31 group
uncultured Lachnospiraceae bacterium

Revision editor(s): Joan Chuks, Ikehdarlington

Experiment 3


Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2024-9-13

Curated date: 2024/03/21

Curator: Joan Chuks

Revision editor(s): Joan Chuks, Ikehdarlington, Victoria

Differences from previous experiment shown

Subjects

Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies
Late pregnancy glucocorticoid (Late-preGC) exposure in 4.7years old (mean age)
Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies
Late pregnancy glucocorticoid (Late-preGC) exposure in 2.3years old (mean age -1SD)
Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
Assamese macaques aged 2.3 years (equivalent to infant age class), who were exposed to prenatal, maternal glucocorticoid in late pregnancy/gestation (Late-preGC) during the Rich season (periods of abundant food availability).

Lab analysis

Statistical Analysis

Alpha Diversity

Shannon Estimator of species richness and species evenness: more weight on species richness
unchanged
Inverse Simpson Modification of Simpsons index D as 1/D to obtain high values in datasets of high diversity and vice versa
unchanged
Richness Number of species
unchanged
Faith Phylogenetic diversity, takes into account phylogenetic distance of all taxa identified in a sample
unchanged

Signature 1

Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2024-9-13

Curated date: 2024/03/21

Curator: Joan Chuks

Revision editor(s): Joan Chuks, Ikehdarlington

Source: Figure 4B

Description: Bacteria Taxa determined by ANCOM-BC to be differentially abundant in 2.3 years old Assamese macaques (mean age -1SD = equivalent to infant age class) Versus 4.7 years old Assamese macaques (mean age =equivalent to Juvenile age class), exposed to prenatal, maternal glucocorticoid during Late pregnancy/gestation (Late-preGC), as assessed within the rich season.

Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Late pregnancy glucocorticoid (Late-preGC) exposure in 2.3years old (mean age -1SD)

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Asteroleplasma
Bifidobacterium
Collinsella
Elusimicrobium
Flavonifractor
Lachnospiraceae bacterium NK3A20
Monoglobus
Olsenella
Oribacterium
Oscillospira
Peptococcus
Pygmaiobacter
Senegalimassilia
Slackia
Solobacterium
Streptococcus
Succinivibrio
Treponema
Victivallis
[Clostridium] methylpentosum
unclassified Acetivibrio
unclassified Atopobiaceae
unclassified Bacilli
unclassified Bifidobacteriaceae
unclassified Butyricicoccaceae
unclassified Candidatus Gastranaerophilales
unclassified Candidatus Izemoplasmatales
unclassified Clostridiaceae
unclassified Comamonadaceae
unclassified Eggerthellaceae
unclassified Enterobacteriaceae
unclassified Helicobacteraceae
unclassified Lactobacillaceae
unclassified Micromonosporaceae
unclassified Muribaculaceae
unclassified Oscillospiraceae
unclassified Peptostreptococcaceae
unclassified Puniceicoccaceae
unclassified Rhizobiaceae
unclassified Rhodocyclaceae
unclassified Rhodospirillales
unclassified Sphingomonadaceae
unclassified Xanthobacteraceae
uncultured Erysipelotrichaceae bacterium
unclassified Clostridia UCG-014unclassified Clostridia UCG-014
unclassified RF39unclassified RF39
unclassified Clostridia vadinBB60 groupunclassified Clostridia vadinBB60 group
unclassified UCG-005unclassified UCG-005
Z20Z20
uncultured Prevotella sp.

Revision editor(s): Joan Chuks, Ikehdarlington

Signature 2

Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2024-9-13

Curated date: 2024/03/21

Curator: Joan Chuks

Revision editor(s): Joan Chuks, Ikehdarlington

Source: Figure 4B

Description: Bacteria Taxa determined by ANCOM-BC to be differentially abundant in 2.3 years old Assamese macaques (mean age -1SD = equivalent to infant age class) Versus 4.7 years old Assamese macaques (mean age = equivalent to Juvenile age class), exposed to prenatal, maternal glucocorticoid during Late pregnancy/gestation (Late-preGC), as assessed within the rich season.

Abundance in Group 1: decreased abundance in Late pregnancy glucocorticoid (Late-preGC) exposure in 2.3years old (mean age -1SD)

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Butyricimonas
Dorea
Allofournierella
Fusobacterium
Gemella
Rodentibacter
Ruminococcus gauvreauii
gut metagenome
unclassified Bradymonadales
unclassified Candidatus Izemoplasmatales
unclassified Cellvibrionaceae
unclassified Hydrogenoanaerobacterium
unclassified Pseudomonadaceae
unclassified Spirochaetaceae
unclassified UCG-004unclassified UCG-004
unclassified Clostridia UCG-014unclassified Clostridia UCG-014
unclassified Clostridia vadinBB60 groupunclassified Clostridia vadinBB60 group
unclassified vadinBE97unclassified vadinBE97
uncultured Lachnospiraceae bacterium

Revision editor(s): Joan Chuks, Ikehdarlington

Experiment 4


Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2024-9-13

Curated date: 2024/03/21

Curator: Joan Chuks

Revision editor(s): Joan Chuks, Ikehdarlington, Victoria

Differences from previous experiment shown

Subjects

Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies
Late pregnancy glucocorticoid(Late-preGC) exposure in 4.7years old(mean age)
Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies
Late pregnancy glucocorticoid (Late-preGC) exposure in 7.1years old(mean age +1SD)
Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
Assamese macaques aged 7.1 years (equivalent to Adult age class), who were exposed to prenatal, maternal glucocorticoid in late pregnancy/gestation (Late-preGC) during the Rich season (periods of abundant food availability).

Lab analysis

Statistical Analysis

Alpha Diversity

Shannon Estimator of species richness and species evenness: more weight on species richness
unchanged
Inverse Simpson Modification of Simpsons index D as 1/D to obtain high values in datasets of high diversity and vice versa
unchanged
Richness Number of species
unchanged
Faith Phylogenetic diversity, takes into account phylogenetic distance of all taxa identified in a sample
unchanged

Signature 1

Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2024-9-13

Curated date: 2024/03/21

Curator: Joan Chuks

Revision editor(s): Joan Chuks, Ikehdarlington

Source: Figure 4B

Description: Bacteria Taxa determined by ANCOM-BC to be differentially abundant in 7.1 years old Assamese macaques (mean age +1SD-equivalent to Adult age class) Versus 4.7 years old Assamese macaques (mean age: equivalent to Juvenile age class), exposed to prenatal, maternal glucocorticoid during Late pregnancy/gestation (Late-preGC), as assessed within the rich season.

Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Late pregnancy glucocorticoid (Late-preGC) exposure in 7.1years old(mean age +1SD)

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Butyricimonas
Dorea
Allofournierella
Fusobacterium
Gemella
Rodentibacter
Ruminococcus gauvreauii
gut metagenome
unclassified Bradymonadales
unclassified Candidatus Izemoplasmatales
unclassified Cellvibrionaceae
unclassified Hydrogenoanaerobacterium
unclassified Pseudomonadaceae
unclassified Spirochaetaceae
unclassified UCG-004unclassified UCG-004
unclassified Clostridia UCG-014unclassified Clostridia UCG-014
unclassified Clostridia vadinBB60 groupunclassified Clostridia vadinBB60 group
unclassified vadinBE97unclassified vadinBE97
uncultured Lachnospiraceae bacterium

Revision editor(s): Joan Chuks, Ikehdarlington

Signature 2

Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2024-9-13

Curated date: 2024/03/21

Curator: Joan Chuks

Revision editor(s): Joan Chuks, Ikehdarlington

Source: Figure 4B

Description: Bacteria Taxa determined by ANCOM-BC to be differentially abundant in 7.1 years old Assamese macaques (mean age +1SD, equivalent to Adult age class) Versus 4.7 years old Assamese macaques (mean age, equivalent to Juvenile age class), exposed to prenatal, maternal glucocorticoid during Late pregnancy/gestation (Late-preGC), as assessed within the rich season.

Abundance in Group 1: decreased abundance in Late pregnancy glucocorticoid (Late-preGC) exposure in 7.1years old(mean age +1SD)

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Asteroleplasma
Bifidobacterium
Collinsella
Elusimicrobium
Flavonifractor
Lachnospiraceae bacterium NK3A20
Monoglobus
Olsenella
Oribacterium
Oscillospira
Peptococcus
Pygmaiobacter
Senegalimassilia
Slackia
Solobacterium
Streptococcus
Succinivibrio
Treponema
Victivallis
[Clostridium] methylpentosum
unclassified Acetivibrio
unclassified Atopobiaceae
unclassified Bacilli
unclassified Bifidobacteriaceae
unclassified Butyricicoccaceae
unclassified Candidatus Gastranaerophilales
unclassified Candidatus Izemoplasmatales
unclassified Clostridiaceae
unclassified Comamonadaceae
unclassified Eggerthellaceae
unclassified Enterobacteriaceae
unclassified Helicobacteraceae
unclassified Lactobacillaceae
unclassified Micromonosporaceae
unclassified Muribaculaceae
unclassified Oscillospiraceae
unclassified Peptostreptococcaceae
unclassified Puniceicoccaceae
unclassified Rhizobiaceae
unclassified Rhodocyclaceae
unclassified Rhodospirillales
unclassified Sphingomonadaceae
unclassified Xanthobacteraceae
uncultured Erysipelotrichaceae bacterium
unclassified Clostridia UCG-014unclassified Clostridia UCG-014
unclassified RF39unclassified RF39
unclassified Clostridia vadinBB60 groupunclassified Clostridia vadinBB60 group
unclassified UCG-005unclassified UCG-005
Z20Z20
CAG-352CAG-352
uncultured Prevotella sp.

Revision editor(s): Joan Chuks, Ikehdarlington

Experiment 5


Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2024-9-13

Curated date: 2024/03/21

Curator: Joan Chuks

Revision editor(s): Joan Chuks, Ikehdarlington, Victoria

Differences from previous experiment shown

Subjects

Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies
Post-pregnancy glucocorticoid(PostGC) exposure in 4.7years old(mean age)
Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies
Post-pregnancy glucocorticoid (PostGC) exposure in 2.3years old(mean age -1SD)
Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
Assamese macaques aged 2.3 years (equivalent to infant age class), who were exposed to postnatal, maternal glucocorticoid in post pregnancy/lactation (PostGC) for the first 6 months of life during the Rich season (periods of abundant food availability)

Lab analysis

Statistical Analysis

Alpha Diversity

Shannon Estimator of species richness and species evenness: more weight on species richness
unchanged
Inverse Simpson Modification of Simpsons index D as 1/D to obtain high values in datasets of high diversity and vice versa
unchanged
Richness Number of species
unchanged
Faith Phylogenetic diversity, takes into account phylogenetic distance of all taxa identified in a sample
unchanged

Signature 1

Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2024-9-13

Curated date: 2024/03/21

Curator: Joan Chuks

Revision editor(s): Joan Chuks, Ikehdarlington

Source: Figure 4C

Description: Bacteria Taxa determined by ANCOM-BC to be differentially abundant in 2.3 years old Assamese macaques (mean age -1SD, equivalent to infant age class) Versus 4.7 years old Assamese macaques (mean age, equivalent to Juvenile age class), exposed to prenatal, maternal glucocorticoid during Lactation/Post pregnancy (PostGC), as assessed within the rich season.

Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Post-pregnancy glucocorticoid (PostGC) exposure in 2.3years old(mean age -1SD)

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Anaerosporobacter
Anaerovoracaceae
Anaerovorax
Butyricimonas
Caldicoprobacter
Desulfovibrio
Elusimicrobium
Entomoplasma
Eubacterium coprostanoligenes
Fusicatenibacter
Lachnospira
Marvinbryantia
Mobilitalea
Parabacteroides
Prevotella
Pygmaiobacter
Ruminococcus gauvreauii
Selenomonas
Sphaerochaeta
gut metagenome
unclassified Acetivibrio
unclassified Atopobiaceae
unclassified Bacilli
unclassified Candidatus Gastranaerophilales
unclassified Clostridia
unclassified Clostridiaceae
unclassified Erysipelotrichaceae
unclassified Oscillospiraceae
unclassified Puniceicoccaceae
unclassified Rhodospirillales
unclassified Syntrophomonadaceae
unclassified Tannerellaceae
uncultured Erysipelotrichaceae bacterium
unclassified Clostridia UCG-014unclassified Clostridia UCG-014
unclassified Clostridia vadinBB60 groupunclassified Clostridia vadinBB60 group
unclassified Bacteroidales RF16 groupunclassified Bacteroidales RF16 group
Prevotellaceae NK3B31 groupPrevotellaceae NK3B31 group
dgA-11 gut groupdgA-11 gut group
Rikenellaceae RC9 gut groupRikenellaceae RC9 gut group
unclassified UCG-004unclassified UCG-004
Lachnospiraceae ND3007 groupLachnospiraceae ND3007 group
unclassified UCG-009unclassified UCG-009
unclassified UCG-002unclassified UCG-002
Incertae SedisIncertae Sedis
unclassified UCG-010unclassified UCG-010
unclassified Kiritimatiellae WCHB-1-41unclassified Kiritimatiellae WCHB-1-41
unclassified WCHB-1-41unclassified WCHB-1-41
uncultured Lachnospiraceae bacterium

Revision editor(s): Joan Chuks, Ikehdarlington

Signature 2

Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2024-9-13

Curated date: 2024/03/21

Curator: Joan Chuks

Revision editor(s): Joan Chuks, Ikehdarlington

Source: Figure 4C

Description: Bacteria Taxa determined by ANCOM-BC to be differentially abundant in 2.3 years old Assamese macaques (mean age -1SD, equivalent to infant age class) Versus 4.7 years old Assamese macaques (mean age, equivalent to Juvenile age class), exposed to prenatal, maternal glucocorticoid during Lactation/Post pregnancy (PostGC), as assessed within the rich season.

Abundance in Group 1: decreased abundance in Post-pregnancy glucocorticoid (PostGC) exposure in 2.3years old(mean age -1SD)

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Campylobacter
Dorea
Helicobacter
Ligilactobacillus
Megasphaera
Slackia
Treponema
[Clostridium] methylpentosum
unclassified Bradymonadales
unclassified Candidatus Izemoplasmatales
unclassified Clostridia
unclassified Comamonadaceae
unclassified Coriobacteriales
unclassified Eggerthellaceae
unclassified Enterobacteriaceae
unclassified Enterococcaceae
unclassified Lactobacillaceae
unclassified Micromonosporaceae
unclassified Rhizobiaceae
unclassified Sphingomonadaceae
unclassified Staphylococcaceae
unclassified Streptococcaceae
unclassified Clostridia UCG-014unclassified Clostridia UCG-014
unclassified Clostridia vadinBB60 groupunclassified Clostridia vadinBB60 group

Revision editor(s): Joan Chuks, Ikehdarlington

Experiment 6


Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2024-9-13

Curated date: 2024/03/21

Curator: Joan Chuks

Revision editor(s): Joan Chuks, Ikehdarlington, Victoria

Differences from previous experiment shown

Subjects

Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies
Post-pregnancy glucocorticoid (PostGC) exposure in 7.1years old(mean age +1SD)
Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
Assamese macaques aged 7.1 years (equivalent toAdult age class), who were exposed to postnatal, maternal glucocorticoid in post pregnancy/lactation (PostGC) for the first 6 months of life during the Rich season (periods of abundant food availability)

Lab analysis

Statistical Analysis

Alpha Diversity

Shannon Estimator of species richness and species evenness: more weight on species richness
unchanged
Inverse Simpson Modification of Simpsons index D as 1/D to obtain high values in datasets of high diversity and vice versa
unchanged
Richness Number of species
unchanged
Faith Phylogenetic diversity, takes into account phylogenetic distance of all taxa identified in a sample
unchanged

Signature 1

Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2024-9-13

Curated date: 2024/03/21

Curator: Joan Chuks

Revision editor(s): Joan Chuks, Ikehdarlington

Source: Figure 4C

Description: Bacteria Taxa determined by ANCOM-BC to be differentially abundant in 7.1 years old Assamese macaques (mean age +1SD, equivalent to Adult age class) Versus 4.7 years old Assamese macaques (mean age, equivalent to Juvenile age class), exposed to prenatal, maternal glucocorticoid during Lactation/Post pregnancy (PostGC), as assessed within the rich season.

Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Post-pregnancy glucocorticoid (PostGC) exposure in 7.1years old(mean age +1SD)

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Campylobacter
Elusimicrobium
Eubacterium coprostanoligenes
Helicobacter
Megasphaera
Slackia
Treponema
[Clostridium] methylpentosum
unclassified Acetivibrio
unclassified Atopobiaceae
unclassified Bradymonadales
unclassified Clostridia
unclassified Clostridiaceae
unclassified Comamonadaceae
unclassified Enterobacteriaceae
unclassified Enterococcaceae
unclassified Lactobacillaceae
unclassified Micromonosporaceae
unclassified Rhizobiaceae
unclassified Sphingomonadaceae
unclassified Staphylococcaceae
unclassified Streptococcaceae
unclassified Clostridia UCG-014unclassified Clostridia UCG-014
unclassified Clostridia vadinBB60 groupunclassified Clostridia vadinBB60 group

Revision editor(s): Joan Chuks, Ikehdarlington

Signature 2

Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2024-9-13

Curated date: 2024/03/21

Curator: Joan Chuks

Revision editor(s): Joan Chuks, Ikehdarlington

Source: Figure 4C

Description: Bacteria Taxa determined by ANCOM-BC to be differentially abundant in 7.1 years old Assamese macaques (mean age +1SD, equivalent to Adult age class) Versus 4.7 years old Assamese macaques (mean age, equivalent to Juvenile age class), exposed to prenatal, maternal glucocorticoid during Lactation/Post pregnancy (PostGC), as assessed within the rich season.

Abundance in Group 1: decreased abundance in Post-pregnancy glucocorticoid (PostGC) exposure in 7.1years old(mean age +1SD)

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Anaerosporobacter
Anaerovoracaceae
Anaerovorax
Butyricimonas
Caldicoprobacter
Desulfovibrio
Dorea
Entomoplasma
Fusicatenibacter
Lachnospira
Ligilactobacillus
Marvinbryantia
Mobilitalea
Parabacteroides
Prevotella
Pygmaiobacter
Ruminococcus gauvreauii
Selenomonas
Sphaerochaeta
gut metagenome
unclassified Atopobiaceae
unclassified Bacilli
unclassified Candidatus Gastranaerophilales
unclassified Candidatus Izemoplasmatales
unclassified Clostridia
unclassified Coriobacteriales
unclassified Eggerthellaceae
unclassified Erysipelotrichaceae
unclassified Oscillospiraceae
unclassified Puniceicoccaceae
unclassified Rhodospirillales
unclassified Selenomonadales
unclassified Syntrophomonadaceae
unclassified Tannerellaceae
uncultured Erysipelotrichaceae bacterium
Prevotellaceae NK3B31 groupPrevotellaceae NK3B31 group
dgA-11 gut groupdgA-11 gut group
Rikenellaceae RC9 gut groupRikenellaceae RC9 gut group
unclassified UCG-004unclassified UCG-004
unclassified Clostridia UCG-014unclassified Clostridia UCG-014
unclassified Clostridia vadinBB60 groupunclassified Clostridia vadinBB60 group
Lachnospiraceae ND3007 groupLachnospiraceae ND3007 group
unclassified UCG-009unclassified UCG-009
unclassified UCG-002unclassified UCG-002
Incertae SedisIncertae Sedis
unclassified UCG-010unclassified UCG-010
unclassified Kiritimatiellae WCHB-1-41unclassified Kiritimatiellae WCHB-1-41
unclassified WCHB-1-41unclassified WCHB-1-41
unclassified Bacteroidales
uncultured Lachnospiraceae bacterium

Revision editor(s): Joan Chuks, Ikehdarlington

Experiment 7


Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2024-9-13

Curated date: 2024/03/25

Curator: Ikehdarlington

Revision editor(s): Ikehdarlington, Joan Chuks, Victoria

Differences from previous experiment shown

Subjects

Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies
Offspring glucocorticoid (OffspringGC) in 4.7 years old (mean age)
Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies
Offspring glucocorticoid (OffspringGC) in 2.3 years old (mean age -1SD)
Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
Assamese macaques aged 2.3 years (equivalent to infant age class), who were affected by increased Offspring Glucocorticoid level (OffspringGC) during the Rich season (periods of abundant food availability)

Lab analysis

Statistical Analysis

Alpha Diversity

Shannon Estimator of species richness and species evenness: more weight on species richness
unchanged
Inverse Simpson Modification of Simpsons index D as 1/D to obtain high values in datasets of high diversity and vice versa
unchanged
Richness Number of species
unchanged
Faith Phylogenetic diversity, takes into account phylogenetic distance of all taxa identified in a sample
unchanged

Signature 1

Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2024-9-13

Curated date: 2024/03/25

Curator: Ikehdarlington

Revision editor(s): Ikehdarlington, Joan Chuks

Source: Figure 5

Description: Bacteria Taxa affected by Offspring glucocorticoid (OffspringGC) and determined by ANCOM-BC to be differentially abundant in 2.3 years old Assamese macaques (mean age -1SD, equivalent to infant age class) Versus 4.7 years old Assamese macaques (mean age, equivalent to Juvenile age class) as assessed during the rich season.

Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Offspring glucocorticoid (OffspringGC) in 2.3 years old (mean age -1SD)

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Alloscardovia
Campylobacter
Eubacterium coprostanoligenes
Faecalibacterium
Gemella
Granulicatella
Ligilactobacillus
Mailhella
Oscillibacter
Rodentibacter
Tyzzerella
Victivallis
unclassified Candidatus Izemoplasmatales
unclassified Cellvibrionaceae
unclassified Helicobacteraceae
unclassified Lactobacillaceae
unclassified Pseudomonadaceae
unclassified Clostridia UCG-014unclassified Clostridia UCG-014
uncultured Erysipelotrichaceae bacterium

Revision editor(s): Ikehdarlington, Joan Chuks

Signature 2

Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2024-9-13

Curated date: 2024/03/25

Curator: Ikehdarlington

Revision editor(s): Ikehdarlington, Joan Chuks

Source: Figure 5

Description: Bacteria Taxa affected by Offspring glucocorticoid (OffspringGC) and determined by ANCOM-BC to be differentially abundant in 2.3 years old Assamese macaques (mean age -1SD, equivalent to infant age class) Versus 4.7 years old Assamese macaques (mean age, equivalent to Juvenile age class) as assessed during the rich season.

Abundance in Group 1: decreased abundance in Offspring glucocorticoid (OffspringGC) in 2.3 years old (mean age -1SD)

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Actinobacillus
Aggregatibacter
Anaerosporobacter
Candidatus Rhabdochlamydia sp.
Colidextribacter
Desulfovibrio
Entomoplasma
Eubacterium coprostanoligenes
Fusicatenibacter
Lachnospira
Lachnospiraceae bacterium NK3A20
Marvinbryantia
Oscillospira
Paludicola
Ruminiclostridium
Streptococcus
Succinivibrio
gut metagenome
unclassified Acetivibrio
unclassified Bacilli
unclassified Candidatus Gastranaerophilales
unclassified Christensenellaceae
unclassified Clostridiaceae
unclassified Eggerthellaceae
unclassified Erysipelotrichaceae
unclassified Muribaculaceae
unclassified Oscillospiraceae
unclassified Paludibacteraceae
unclassified Rhodospirillales
unclassified Selenomonadaceae
unclassified Thomasclavelia
unclassified Clostridia UCG-014unclassified Clostridia UCG-014
EMP-G18EMP-G18
unclassified UCG-009unclassified UCG-009
NK4A214 groupNK4A214 group
unclassified UCG-005unclassified UCG-005
unclassified Clostridia vadinBB60 groupunclassified Clostridia vadinBB60 group
unclassified UCG-008unclassified UCG-008
Incertae SedisIncertae Sedis
dgA-11 gut groupdgA-11 gut group
uncultured Lachnospiraceae bacterium
unclassified Bacteroidales

Revision editor(s): Ikehdarlington, Joan Chuks

Experiment 8


Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2024-9-13

Curated date: 2024/03/25

Curator: Joan Chuks

Revision editor(s): Joan Chuks, Ikehdarlington, Victoria

Differences from previous experiment shown

Subjects

Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies
Offspring glucocorticoid (OffspringGC) in 7.1 years old (mean age +1SD)
Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
Assamese macaques aged 7.1 years (equivalent to Adult age class), who were affected by increased Offspring Glucocorticoid level (OffspringGC) during the Rich season (periods of abundant food availability).

Lab analysis

Statistical Analysis

Alpha Diversity

Shannon Estimator of species richness and species evenness: more weight on species richness
unchanged
Inverse Simpson Modification of Simpsons index D as 1/D to obtain high values in datasets of high diversity and vice versa
unchanged
Richness Number of species
unchanged
Faith Phylogenetic diversity, takes into account phylogenetic distance of all taxa identified in a sample
unchanged

Signature 1

Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2024-9-13

Curated date: 2024/03/25

Curator: Joan Chuks

Revision editor(s): Joan Chuks, Ikehdarlington

Source: Figure 5

Description: Bacteria Taxa affected by Offspring glucocorticoid (OffspringGC) and determined by ANCOM-BC to be differentially abundant in 7.1 years old Assamese macaques (mean age +1SD, equivalent to Adult age class) Versus 4.7 years old Assamese macaques (mean age, equivalent to Juvenile age class) as assessed within the rich season.

Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Offspring glucocorticoid (OffspringGC) in 7.1 years old (mean age +1SD)

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Candidatus Rhabdochlamydia sp.
Colidextribacter
Desulfovibrio
Entomoplasma
Eubacterium coprostanoligenes
Fusicatenibacter
Lachnospira
Lachnospiraceae bacterium NK3A20
Mailhella
Marvinbryantia
Oscillibacter
Oscillospira
Succinivibrio
Victivallis
gut metagenome
unclassified Bacilli
unclassified Bacteroidales
unclassified Candidatus Izemoplasmatales
unclassified Christensenellaceae
unclassified Clostridiaceae
unclassified Erysipelotrichaceae
unclassified Muribaculaceae
unclassified Oscillospiraceae
unclassified Paludibacteraceae
unclassified Pseudomonadaceae
unclassified Thomasclavelia
EMP-G18EMP-G18
unclassified Clostridia UCG-014unclassified Clostridia UCG-014
unclassified Clostridiales bacteriumunclassified Clostridiales bacterium
unclassified UCG-009unclassified UCG-009
NK4A214 groupNK4A214 group
unclassified UCG-005unclassified UCG-005
uncultured Lachnospiraceae bacterium

Revision editor(s): Joan Chuks, Ikehdarlington

Signature 2

Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2024-9-13

Curated date: 2024/03/25

Curator: Joan Chuks

Revision editor(s): Joan Chuks, Ikehdarlington

Source: Figure 5

Description: Bacteria Taxa affected by Offspring glucocorticoid (OffspringGC) and determined by ANCOM-BC to be differentially abundant in 7.1 years old Assamese macaques (mean age +1SD, equivalent to Adult age class) Versus 4.7 years old Assamese macaques (mean age, equivalent to Juvenile age class) as assessed within the rich season.

Abundance in Group 1: decreased abundance in Offspring glucocorticoid (OffspringGC) in 7.1 years old (mean age +1SD)

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Actinobacillus
Aggregatibacter
Alloscardovia
Anaerosporobacter
Campylobacter
Eubacterium coprostanoligenes
Faecalibacterium
Gemella
Granulicatella
Ligilactobacillus
Paludicola
Rodentibacter
Ruminiclostridium
Streptococcus
Tyzzerella
unclassified Acetivibrio
unclassified Candidatus Gastranaerophilales
unclassified Cellvibrionaceae
unclassified Eggerthellaceae
unclassified Erysipelotrichaceae
unclassified Helicobacteraceae
unclassified Lactobacillaceae
unclassified Rhodospirillales
unclassified Selenomonadaceae
unclassified Clostridia vadinBB60 groupunclassified Clostridia vadinBB60 group
unclassified UCG-008unclassified UCG-008
Incertae SedisIncertae Sedis
dgA-11 gut groupdgA-11 gut group
unclassified Clostridia UCG -014unclassified Clostridia UCG -014
uncultured Erysipelotrichaceae bacterium

Revision editor(s): Joan Chuks, Ikehdarlington

Experiment 9


Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2024-9-13

Curated date: 2024/03/25

Curator: Joan Chuks

Revision editor(s): Joan Chuks, Ikehdarlington, Victoria

Differences from previous experiment shown

Subjects

Condition The experimental condition / phenotype studied according to the Experimental Factor Ontology
Gut microbiome measurement Gut microbiome measurement,gut microbiome measurement
Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies
Infant macaques
Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies
Adult macaques
Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
Assamese macaques aged 6–10 years
Group 1 sample size Number of subjects in the case (exposed) group
7

Lab analysis

Statistical Analysis

Alpha Diversity

Shannon Estimator of species richness and species evenness: more weight on species richness
unchanged
Inverse Simpson Modification of Simpsons index D as 1/D to obtain high values in datasets of high diversity and vice versa
unchanged
Richness Number of species
increased
Faith Phylogenetic diversity, takes into account phylogenetic distance of all taxa identified in a sample
increased

Experiment 10


Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2024-9-13

Curated date: 2024/03/25

Curator: Joan Chuks

Revision editor(s): Joan Chuks, Ikehdarlington, Victoria

Differences from previous experiment shown

Subjects

Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies
Juvenile macaques
Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
Assamese macaques aged 4–5 years

Lab analysis

Statistical Analysis

Alpha Diversity

Shannon Estimator of species richness and species evenness: more weight on species richness
unchanged
Inverse Simpson Modification of Simpsons index D as 1/D to obtain high values in datasets of high diversity and vice versa
unchanged
Richness Number of species
increased
Faith Phylogenetic diversity, takes into account phylogenetic distance of all taxa identified in a sample
increased

Experiment 11


Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2024-9-13

Curated date: 2024/03/25

Curator: Joan Chuks

Revision editor(s): Joan Chuks, Ikehdarlington, Victoria

Differences from previous experiment shown

Subjects

Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies
Lean season
Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies
Rich season
Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
The hot and rainy season in the Assamese macaques' habitat, usually occurring between March to October and marked by abundant food availability
Group 0 sample size Number of subjects in the control (unexposed) group
30
Group 1 sample size Number of subjects in the case (exposed) group
16

Lab analysis

Statistical Analysis

Alpha Diversity

Shannon Estimator of species richness and species evenness: more weight on species richness
decreased
Inverse Simpson Modification of Simpsons index D as 1/D to obtain high values in datasets of high diversity and vice versa
unchanged
Richness Number of species
decreased
Faith Phylogenetic diversity, takes into account phylogenetic distance of all taxa identified in a sample
decreased

Experiment 12


Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2024-9-13

Curated date: 2024/03/25

Curator: Joan Chuks

Revision editor(s): Joan Chuks, Ikehdarlington, Victoria

Differences from previous experiment shown

Subjects

Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies
MOT
Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies
MST
Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
Second grouping of Assamese macaques by research team.
Group 0 sample size Number of subjects in the control (unexposed) group
Not specified
Group 1 sample size Number of subjects in the case (exposed) group
Not specified

Lab analysis

Statistical Analysis

Alpha Diversity

Shannon Estimator of species richness and species evenness: more weight on species richness
decreased
Inverse Simpson Modification of Simpsons index D as 1/D to obtain high values in datasets of high diversity and vice versa
decreased
Richness Number of species
decreased
Faith Phylogenetic diversity, takes into account phylogenetic distance of all taxa identified in a sample
unchanged

Experiment 13


Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2024-9-13

Curated date: 2024/03/25

Curator: Joan Chuks

Revision editor(s): Joan Chuks, Ikehdarlington, Victoria

Differences from previous experiment shown

Subjects

Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies
SST
Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
Third grouping of Assamese macaques by the research team

Lab analysis

Statistical Analysis

Alpha Diversity

Shannon Estimator of species richness and species evenness: more weight on species richness
decreased
Inverse Simpson Modification of Simpsons index D as 1/D to obtain high values in datasets of high diversity and vice versa
decreased
Richness Number of species
decreased
Faith Phylogenetic diversity, takes into account phylogenetic distance of all taxa identified in a sample
decreased