Multi-angle meta-analysis of the gut microbiome in Autism Spectrum Disorder: a step toward understanding patient subgroups

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study design
meta-analysis
Citation
PMID PubMed identifier for scientific articles.
36220843
DOI Digital object identifier for electronic documents.
10.1038/s41598-022-21327-9
URI Uniform resource identifier for web resources.
Authors
West KA, Yin X, Rutherford EM, Wee B, Choi J, Chrisman BS, Dunlap KL, Hannibal RL, Hartono W, Lin M, Raack E, Sabino K, Wu Y, Wall DP, David MM, Dabbagh K, DeSantis TZ, Iwai S
Journal
Scientific reports
Year
2022
Observational studies have shown that the composition of the human gut microbiome in children diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) differs significantly from that of their neurotypical (NT) counterparts. Thus far, reported ASD-specific microbiome signatures have been inconsistent. To uncover reproducible signatures, we compiled 10 publicly available raw amplicon and metagenomic sequencing datasets alongside new data generated from an internal cohort (the largest ASD cohort to date), unified them with standardized pre-processing methods, and conducted a comprehensive meta-analysis of all taxa and variables detected across multiple studies. By screening metadata to test associations between the microbiome and 52 variables in multiple patient subsets and across multiple datasets, we determined that differentially abundant taxa in ASD versus NT children were dependent upon age, sex, and bowel function, thus marking these variables as potential confounders in case-control ASD studies. Several taxa, including the strains Bacteroides stercoris t__190463 and Clostridium M bolteae t__180407, and the species Granulicatella elegans and Massilioclostridium coli, exhibited differential abundance in ASD compared to NT children only after subjects with bowel dysfunction were removed. Adjusting for age, sex and bowel function resulted in adding or removing significantly differentially abundant taxa in ASD-diagnosed individuals, emphasizing the importance of collecting and controlling for these metadata. We have performed the largest (n = 690) and most comprehensive systematic analysis of ASD gut microbiome data to date. Our study demonstrated the importance of accounting for confounding variables when designing statistical comparative analyses of ASD- and NT-associated gut bacterial profiles. Mitigating these confounders identified robust microbial signatures across cohorts, signifying the importance of accounting for these factors in comparative analyses of ASD and NT-associated gut profiles. Such studies will advance the understanding of different patient groups to deliver appropriate therapeutics by identifying microbiome traits germane to the specific ASD phenotype.

Experiment 1


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Curated date: 2023/11/10

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Revision editor(s): WikiWorks, Chinelsy, Ese

Subjects

Location of subjects
Canada
China
India
Italy
United States of America
Host species Species from which microbiome was sampled. Contact us to have more species added.
Homo sapiens
Body site Anatomical site where microbial samples were extracted from according to the Uber Anatomy Ontology
Feces Cow dung,Cow pat,Droppings,Dung,Excrement,Excreta,Faeces,Fecal material,Fecal matter,Fewmet,Frass,Guano,Matières fécales@fr,Merde@fr,Ordure,Partie de la merde@fr,Piece of shit,Porción de mierda@es,Portion of dung,Portion of excrement,Portion of faeces,Portion of fecal material,Portion of fecal matter,Portion of feces,Portion of guano,Portion of scat,Portionem cacas,Scat,Spoor,Spraint,Stool,Teil der fäkalien@de,Feces,feces
Condition The experimental condition / phenotype studied according to the Experimental Factor Ontology
Autism spectrum disorder atypical autism,autism spectrum disease,autism spectrum disorder,Autism Spectrum Disorders,autistic spectrum disorder,CHILD DEVELOPMENT DIS PERVASIVE,Child Development Disorders, Pervasive,Development Disorder, Pervasive,Development Disorders, Pervasive,Disorder, Autism Spectrum,Disorder, Pervasive Development,Disorders, Autism Spectrum,Disorders, Pervasive Development,PDD,PERVASIVE CHILD DEVELOPMENT DIS,Pervasive Child Development Disorders,Pervasive Development Disorder,Pervasive Development Disorders,pervasive developmental disorder - not otherwise specified,pervasive developmental disorders,Spectrum Disorder, Autism,Spectrum Disorders, Autism,Autism spectrum disorder
Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies
neurotypical (NT) children
Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies
autism spectrum disorder (ASD) children
Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
Children diagnosed with Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) (all datasets pooled, no adjustment for bowel function, age, or sex).
Group 0 sample size Number of subjects in the control (unexposed) group
13
Group 1 sample size Number of subjects in the case (exposed) group
13

Lab analysis

Sequencing type
16S
16S variable region One or more hypervariable region(s) of the bacterial 16S gene
Not specified
Sequencing platform Manufacturer and experimental platform used for quantifying microbial abundance
Illumina

Statistical Analysis

Data transformation Data transformation applied to microbial abundance measurements prior to differential abundance testing (if any).
raw counts
Statistical test
DESeq2
Significance threshold p-value or FDR threshold used for differential abundance testing (if any)
0.05
MHT correction Have statistical tests be corrected for multiple hypothesis testing (MHT)?
Yes

Alpha Diversity

Shannon Estimator of species richness and species evenness: more weight on species richness
unchanged
Chao1 Abundance-based estimator of species richness
unchanged
Simpson Estimator of species richness and species evenness: more weight on species evenness
unchanged

Signature 1

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Curated date: 2025/03/24

Curator: ChiomaBlessing

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Source: Figure 3

Description: Bacteria associated with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) children compared to Neurotypical (NT) children at different taxonomic levels (all datasets pooled, no adjustment for bowel function, age, or sex).

Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) children

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Acinetobacter towneri   
Aggregatibacter segnis   
Delftia   
Roseomonas   
PROV_t_182732PROV_t_182732
PROV_t_254719PROV_t_254719
Faecalibacterium prausnitzii_K t_196263Faecalibacterium prausnitzii_K t_196263
Bacteroides uniformis t_188272Bacteroides uniformis t_188272
Erysipelatoclostridium ramosum t_250147Erysipelatoclostridium ramosum t_250147
Fusicatenibacter saccharivorans t_191580Fusicatenibacter saccharivorans t_191580
Lactobacillus B ruminisLactobacillus B ruminis

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Signature 2

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Curated date: 2025/09/06

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Source: Figure 3

Description: Bacteria associated with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) children compared to Neurotypical (NT) children at different taxonomic levels (all datasets pooled, no adjustment for bowel function, age, or sex).

Abundance in Group 1: decreased abundance in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) children

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
PROV_t_96605PROV_t_96605
Barnesiella intestinihominis t_21316Barnesiella intestinihominis t_21316
Bacteroides A plebeius t_215238Bacteroides A plebeius t_215238
Ruminiclostridium E siraeum t_77085Ruminiclostridium E siraeum t_77085
Ruminiclostridium E siraeum t_ 124298Ruminiclostridium E siraeum t_ 124298

Revision editor(s): Ese

Experiment 2


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Curated date: 2023/11/13

Curator: Chinelsy

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Differences from previous experiment shown

Subjects

Lab analysis

Sequencing type
WMS

Statistical Analysis

Alpha Diversity

Shannon Estimator of species richness and species evenness: more weight on species richness
unchanged
Chao1 Abundance-based estimator of species richness
unchanged
Simpson Estimator of species richness and species evenness: more weight on species evenness
unchanged

Signature 1

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Curated date: 2025/09/06

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Source: Table S4

Description: Result of strain level meta-analysis comparing neurotypical (NT) children and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) children (all datasets pooled, no adjustment for bowel function, age, or sex).

Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) children

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
PROV_t_182732PROV_t_182732
Fusicatenibacter saccharivorans t_191580Fusicatenibacter saccharivorans t_191580
Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron t_251857Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron t_251857
Bacteroides uniformis t_188272Bacteroides uniformis t_188272
Klebsiella pneumoniae , PROV_t_170766 , PROV_t_171198 , PROV_t_175738 , PROV_t_176675 , PROV_t_177605 , PROV_t_191598 , PROV_t_193630 , PROV_t_195227 , PROV_t_195887 , PROV_t_207870 , PROV_t_210899 , PROV_t_212505 , PROV_t_212981 , PROV_t_215268 , PROV_t_218289 , PROV_t_218398 , PROV_t_222555 , PROV_t_224192 , PROV_t_229277 , PROV_t_231346 , PROV_t_232341 , PROV_t_239357 , PROV_t_240844 , PROV_t_246220 PROV_t_246220
Klebsiella variicola, Klebsiella pneumoniae, PROV_t_171275 , PROV_t_172315 , PROV_t_176885 , PROV_t_177205 , PROV_t_178011 , PROV_t_179121 , PROV_t_179181 , PROV_t_181425 , PROV_t_182471 , PROV_t_183434 , PROV_t_184967 , PROV_t_187568 , PROV_t_188246 , PROV_t_188652 , PROV_t_191213 , PROV_t_191924 , PROV_t_193608 , PROV_t_194179 , PROV_t_194520 , PROV_t_195578 , PROV_t_197092 , PROV_t_197107 , PROV_t_197173 , PROV_t_197364 , PROV_t_197368 , PROV_t_197625 , PROV_t_197758 , PROV_t_199915 , PROV_t_203064 , PROV_t_204867 , PROV_t_206008 , PROV_t_208279 , PROV_t_210657 , PROV_t_212641 , PROV_t_214080 , PROV_t_214226 , PROV_t_216051 , PROV_t_217733 , PROV_t_218322 , PROV_t_219038 , PROV_t_219173 , PROV_t_219278 , PROV_t_219622 , PROV_t_220514 , PROV_t_220624 , PROV_t_224116 , PROV_t_225717 , PROV_t_226431 , PROV_t_227333 , PROV_t_229481 , PROV_t_229548 , PROV_t_233199 , PROV_t_235141 , PROV_t_235432 , PROV_t_235671 , PROV_t_240272 , PROV_t_240989 , PROV_t_241844 , PROV_t_241926 , PROV_t_242711 , PROV_t_242861 , PROV_t_245016 , PROV_t_245359 , PROV_t_246966 , PROV_t_247711 PROV_t_247711
Pauljensenia sp. PROV_t_15779Pauljensenia sp. PROV_t_15779
Erysipelatoclostridium ramosum t_250147Erysipelatoclostridium ramosum t_250147
Faecalibacterium prausnitzii K t_196263Faecalibacterium prausnitzii K t_196263
Klebsiella pneumoniae , PROV_t_170147 , PROV_t_170568 , PROV_t_171328 , PROV_t_171397 , PROV_t_171473 , PROV_t_172312 , PROV_t_172400 , PROV_t_173452 , PROV_t_173648 , PROV_t_173701 , PROV_t_173704 , PROV_t_173981 , PROV_t_174130 , PROV_t_174133 , PROV_t_174365 , PROV_t_174549 , PROV_t_174563 , PROV_t_175125 , PROV_t_175921 , PROV_t_176871 , PROV_t_177908 , PROV_t_178529 , PROV_t_179285 , PROV_t_179654 , PROV_t_179988 , PROV_t_181000 , PROV_t_181168 , PROV_t_181658 , PROV_t_182240 , PROV_t_182358 , PROV_t_182826 , PROV_t_182912 , PROV_t_183052 , PROV_t_183062 , PROV_t_183149 , PROV_t_183320 , PROV_t_185041 , PROV_t_185674 , PROV_t_185708 , PROV_t_186214 , PROV_t_186649 , PROV_t_187013 , PROV_t_187145 , PROV_t_187172 , PROV_t_187985 , PROV_t_188364 , PROV_t_188530 , PROV_t_188545 , PROV_t_188848 , PROV_t_189631 , PROV_t_189648 , PROV_t_190660 , PROV_t_192243 , PROV_t_192598 , PROV_t_192860 , PROV_t_192904 , PROV_t_193674 , PROV_t_195080 , PROV_t_195356 , PROV_t_195414 , PROV_t_195530 , PROV_t_197090 , PROV_t_197094 , PROV_t_198143 , PROV_t_198227 , PROV_t_198913 , PROV_t_198991 , PROV_t_199036 , PROV_t_199059 , PROV_t_199531, PROV_t_199992 , PROV_t_201430 , PROV_t_201895 , PROV_t_202511 , PROV_t_203502, PROV_t_203854 , PROV_t_203887 , PROV_t_203928 , PROV_t_203984 , PROV_t_204310 , PROV_t_204664 , PROV_t_205970 , PROV_t_206558 , PROV_t_207392 , PROV_t_208478 , PROV_t_209507 , PROV_t_209630 , PROV_t_210211 , PROV_t_210720 , PROV_t_211380 , PROV_t_212127 , PROV_t_212311 , PROV_t_212883 , PROV_t_213227 , PROV_t_213966 , PROV_t_214228 , PROV_t_214501 , PROV_t_214698 , PROV_t_214726 , PROV_t_214785 , PROV_t_215081 , PROV_t_215142 , PROV_t_215182 , PROV_t_215277 , PROV_t_215651 , PROV_t_215865 , PROV_t_216558 , PROV_t_217525 , PROV_t_217754 , PROV_t_217879 , PROV_t_218012 , PROV_t_219069 , PROV_t_219325 , PROV_t_220024 , PROV_t_220068 , PROV_t_220650 , PROV_t_220662 , PROV_t_221324 , PROV_t_221368 , PROV_t_221966 , PROV_t_222047 , PROV_t_222048 , PROV_t_222260 , PROV_t_222876 , PROV_t_224801, PROV_t_224835 , PROV_t_225432 , PROV_t_225441 , PROV_t_226279 , PROV_t_226712 , PROV_t_226773 , PROV_t_228228 , PROV_t_228452 , PROV_t_228561 , PROV_t_228815 , PROV_t_228935 , PROV_t_228975 , PROV_t_229785 , PROV_t_229996 , PROV_t_230020 , PROV_t_231053 , PROV_t_231069 , PROV_t_231654 , PROV_t_231726 , PROV_t_232213 , PROV_t_232456 , PROV_t_233009 , PROV_t_234107 , PROV_t_234125 , PROV_t_234671 , PROV_t_235097 , PROV_t_235531 , PROV_t_235800 , PROV_t_236878 , PROV_t_237403 , PROV_t_237424 , PROV_t_238147 , PROV_t_238618 , PROV_t_238629 , PROV_t_238852 , PROV_t_239052 , PROV_t_239069 , PROV_t_239165 , PROV_t_240174 , PROV_t_240202 , PROV_t_240532 , PROV_t_240555 , PROV_t_240669 , PROV_t_241347 , PROV_t_241950 , PROV_t_241985 , PROV_t_242008 , PROV_t_242365 , PROV_t_242630 , PROV_t_242868 , PROV_t_243439 , PROV_t_243495 , PROV_t_243620 , PROV_t_243624 , PROV_t_244052 , PROV_t_244599 , PROV_t_245319 , PROV_t_245472 , PROV_t_246522 , PROV_t_246712 , PROV_t_247080 , PROV_t_247208 , PROV_t_247474 PROV_t_247474

Revision editor(s): Ese

Signature 2

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Curated date: 2025/09/11

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Source: Table S4

Description: Result of strain level meta-analysis comparing neurotypical (NT) children and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) children (all datasets pooled, no adjustment for bowel function, age, or sex).

Abundance in Group 1: decreased abundance in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) children

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Barnesiella intestinihominis t_21316Barnesiella intestinihominis t_21316
Bacteroides A plebeius t_215238Bacteroides A plebeius t_215238
Ruminoclostridium E siraeum t_124298Ruminoclostridium E siraeum t_124298
Ruminoclostridium E siraeum t_77085Ruminoclostridium E siraeum t_77085

Revision editor(s): Ese

Experiment 3


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Curated date: 2023/11/10

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Differences from previous experiment shown

Subjects

Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies
neurotypical (NT) children with normal bowel function
Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies
autism spectrum disorder (ASD) children with normal bowel function
Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
Children diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), excluding those experiencing gastrointestinal symptoms such as constipation or diarrhea.

Lab analysis

Sequencing type
16S
16S variable region One or more hypervariable region(s) of the bacterial 16S gene
V3-V4

Statistical Analysis

Matched on Factors on which subjects have been matched on in a case-control study
Matched on: "bowel" is not in the list (abnormal glucose tolerance, acetaldehyde, acute graft vs. host disease, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, adenoma, age, AIDS, alcohol consumption measurement, alcohol drinking, ...) of allowed values.bowel
Confounders controlled for Confounding factors that have been accounted for by stratification or model adjustment
Confounders controlled for: "bowel" is not in the list (abnormal glucose tolerance, acetaldehyde, acute graft vs. host disease, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, adenoma, age, AIDS, alcohol consumption measurement, alcohol drinking, ...) of allowed values.bowel


Signature 1

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Curated date: 2025/09/16

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Source: Figure 4 & Fig S4

Description: Bacterial taxa significantly associated with neurotypical (NT) children with normal bowel function and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) children with normal bowel function by meta-analysis

Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) children with normal bowel function

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
t_192936t_192936
Clostridium M bolteae t_180407Clostridium M bolteae t_180407

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Signature 2

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Curated date: 2025/09/16

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Source: Figure 4 & Fig S4

Description: Bacterial taxa significantly associated with neurotypical (NT) children with normal bowel function and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) children with normal bowel function by meta-analysis

Abundance in Group 1: decreased abundance in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) children with normal bowel function

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Granulicatella elegans   
Massilioclostridium coli   
t_190463t_190463

Revision editor(s): Ese

Experiment 4


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Differences from previous experiment shown

Subjects

Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies
autism spectrum disorder (ASD) children with normal bowel function
Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies
autism spectrum disorder (ASD) children with bowel dysfunction
Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
Children diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), including those experiencing gastrointestinal symptoms such as constipation or diarrhea
Group 0 sample size Number of subjects in the control (unexposed) group
Not specified
Group 1 sample size Number of subjects in the case (exposed) group
Not specified

Lab analysis

16S variable region One or more hypervariable region(s) of the bacterial 16S gene
V4

Statistical Analysis

Matched on Factors on which subjects have been matched on in a case-control study
Not specified
Confounders controlled for Confounding factors that have been accounted for by stratification or model adjustment
Not specified


Signature 1

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Curated date: 2025/09/16

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Source: Figure 4 & Fig S4

Description: Bacterial taxa significantly associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) children with normal bowel function and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) children with bowel dysfunction by meta-analysis

Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) children with bowel dysfunction

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Brachybacterium   
Dermabacteraceae   
PROV_t_254719PROV_t_254719
unclassified Klebsiella ASV3unclassified Klebsiella ASV3
unclassified Klebsiella ASV2unclassified Klebsiella ASV2
unclassified Klebsiella ASV1unclassified Klebsiella ASV1
Aggregatibacter   
Roseomonas   
Aggregatibacter segnis AAggregatibacter segnis A
Acinetobacter towneri   
Delftia   

Revision editor(s): Ese

Signature 2

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Curated date: 2025/09/16

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Source: Figure 4 & Fig S4

Description: Bacterial taxa significantly associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) children with normal bowel function and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) children with bowel dysfunction by meta-analysis

Abundance in Group 1: decreased abundance in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) children with bowel dysfunction

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
t_157679t_157679
Faecalibacterium prausnitzzi CFaecalibacterium prausnitzzi C

Revision editor(s): Ese

Experiment 5


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Curated date: 2025/09/17

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Differences from previous experiment shown

Subjects

Lab analysis

Sequencing type
WMS
16S variable region One or more hypervariable region(s) of the bacterial 16S gene
Not specified

Statistical Analysis

Signature 1

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Curated date: 2025/09/17

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Source: Table S5

Description: Result of strain level meta-analysis comparing Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) children with normal bowel function and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) children with bowel dysfunction.

Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) children with bowel dysfunction

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Absiella innocuum t_94021Absiella innocuum t_94021
Agathobacter rectale t_237035Agathobacter rectale t_237035
Agathobacter rectale t_253799Agathobacter rectale t_253799
Agathobaculum butyriciproducens t_177867Agathobaculum butyriciproducens t_177867
Agathobaculum butyriciproducens t_264035Agathobaculum butyriciproducens t_264035
Akkermansia muciniphila t_227043Akkermansia muciniphila t_227043
Akkermansia muciniphila t_178118Akkermansia muciniphila t_178118
Akkermansia muciniphila B t_240624Akkermansia muciniphila B t_240624
Bacteroides caccae t_66816Bacteroides caccae t_66816
Bacteroides caccae t_197284Bacteroides caccae t_197284
Bacteroides cellulosilyticus t_106767Bacteroides cellulosilyticus t_106767
Bacteroides cellulosilyticus t_177127Bacteroides cellulosilyticus t_177127
Bacteroides fragilis t_124864Bacteroides fragilis t_124864
Bacteroides fragilis t_238932Bacteroides fragilis t_238932
Bacteroides fragilis t_119023Bacteroides fragilis t_119023
Bacteroides intestinalis t_188732Bacteroides intestinalis t_188732
Bacteroides intestinalis t_42640Bacteroides intestinalis t_42640
Bacteroides nordii t_164013Bacteroides nordii t_164013
Bacteroides ovatus t_91261Bacteroides ovatus t_91261
Bacteroides ovatus t_209404Bacteroides ovatus t_209404
Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron t_210563Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron t_210563
Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron t_97196Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron t_97196
Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron t_208473Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron t_208473
Bacteroides uniformis t_216614Bacteroides uniformis t_216614
Bacteroides uniformis t_211971Bacteroides uniformis t_211971
Bacteroides uniformis t_110906Bacteroides uniformis t_110906
Bacteroides uniformis t_236180Bacteroides uniformis t_236180
Bacteroides uniformis t_95585Bacteroides uniformis t_95585
Bacteroides uniformis t_223820Bacteroides uniformis t_223820
Bacteroides uniformis t_172819Bacteroides uniformis t_172819
Bacteroides xylanisolvens t_210945Bacteroides xylanisolvens t_210945
Bacteroides xylanisolvens t_95147Bacteroides xylanisolvens t_95147
Bacteroides xylanisolvens t_99160Bacteroides xylanisolvens t_99160
Bacteroides B dorei t_174198Bacteroides B dorei t_174198
Bacteroides B vulgatus t_264176Bacteroides B vulgatus t_264176
Bacteroides B vulgatus t_225542Bacteroides B vulgatus t_225542
Bacteroides B vulgatus t_185742Bacteroides B vulgatus t_185742
Bacteroides B vulgatus t_183734Bacteroides B vulgatus t_183734
Bacteroides B vulgatus t_91217Bacteroides B vulgatus t_91217
Bifidobacterium adolescentis t_168863Bifidobacterium adolescentis t_168863
Bifidobacterium adolescentis t_165603Bifidobacterium adolescentis t_165603
Bifidobacterium infantis t_164745Bifidobacterium infantis t_164745
Bifidobacterium longum t_172597Bifidobacterium longum t_172597
Bifidobacterium longum t_186673Bifidobacterium longum t_186673
Bifidobacterium longum t_229814Bifidobacterium longum t_229814
Bifidobacterium longum t_221936Bifidobacterium longum t_221936
Bifidobacterium longum t_159614Bifidobacterium longum t_159614
Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum t_189165Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum t_189165
Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum t_242355Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum t_242355
Bilophila wadsworthia t_93769Bilophila wadsworthia t_93769
Blautia A wexlerae t_25436Blautia A wexlerae t_25436
Clostridium M bolteae t_128068Clostridium M bolteae t_128068
Clostridium M bolteae t_239619Clostridium M bolteae t_239619
Clostridium M citroniae t_144137Clostridium M citroniae t_144137
Coprococcus B comes t_102835Coprococcus B comes t_102835
Eggerthella lenta t_194122Eggerthella lenta t_194122
Dorea longicatena t_255208Dorea longicatena t_255208
Eisenbergiella tayi t_217265Eisenbergiella tayi t_217265
Emergencia timonensis t_262472Emergencia timonensis t_262472
Erysipelatoclostridium ramosum t_229007Erysipelatoclostridium ramosum t_229007
Erysipelatoclostridium ramosum t_236264Erysipelatoclostridium ramosum t_236264
Faecalicatena faecis t_247309Faecalicatena faecis t_247309
Intestinibacter bartlettii t_159253Intestinibacter bartlettii t_159253
Intestinibacter bartlettii t_77881Intestinibacter bartlettii t_77881
Lachnospira rogosae t_53025Lachnospira rogosae t_53025
Lawsonibacter asaccharolyticus t_104323Lawsonibacter asaccharolyticus t_104323
Monoglobus pectinilyticus t_214882Monoglobus pectinilyticus t_214882
Odoribacter splanchnicus t_203606Odoribacter splanchnicus t_203606
Parabacteroides merdae t_94238Parabacteroides merdae t_94238
Streptococcus sp. PROV_t_120845Streptococcus sp. PROV_t_120845
Turicibacter sp. PROV_t_158026Turicibacter sp. PROV_t_158026
Streptococcus sp. PROV_t_169220Streptococcus sp. PROV_t_169220
PROV_t_171082PROV_t_171082
Erysipelatoclostridium sp. PROV_t_193216Erysipelatoclostridium sp. PROV_t_193216
Erysipelatoclostridium sp. PROV_t_223513Erysipelatoclostridium sp. PROV_t_223513
PROV_t_182732PROV_t_182732
Veillonella sp. PROV_t_185743Veillonella sp. PROV_t_185743
Erysipelatoclostridium sp. PROV_t_199089Erysipelatoclostridium sp. PROV_t_199089
Streptococcus sp. PROV_t_202092Streptococcus sp. PROV_t_202092
Anaerotruncus sp. PROV_t_212301Anaerotruncus sp. PROV_t_212301
PROV_t_216683PROV_t_216683
Agathobaculum sp. PROV_t_225463Agathobaculum sp. PROV_t_225463
Streptococcus sp. PROV_t_234883Streptococcus sp. PROV_t_234883
Ruminococcus E sp. PROV_t_237852Ruminococcus E sp. PROV_t_237852
Clostridium Q sp. PROV_t_247635Clostridium Q sp. PROV_t_247635
Erysipelatoclostridium sp. PROV_t_248461Erysipelatoclostridium sp. PROV_t_248461
Clostridium Q sp. PROV_t_260198Clostridium Q sp. PROV_t_260198
PROV_t_265590PROV_t_265590
Ruminococcus D bicirculans t_233326Ruminococcus D bicirculans t_233326
Ruminococcus E bromii B t_239772Ruminococcus E bromii B t_239772
Ruthenibacterium lactatiformans t_253951Ruthenibacterium lactatiformans t_253951
Streptococcus parasanguinis t_105936Streptococcus parasanguinis t_105936
Streptococcus parasanguinis t_141121Streptococcus parasanguinis t_141121
Streptococcus salivarius t_185255Streptococcus salivarius t_185255
Streptococcus salivarius t_105270Streptococcus salivarius t_105270
Streptococcus salivarius t_193768Streptococcus salivarius t_193768
Streptococcus thermophilus t_207036Streptococcus thermophilus t_207036
Streptococcus thermophilus t_123044Streptococcus thermophilus t_123044
Streptococcus thermophilus t_163956Streptococcus thermophilus t_163956
Streptococcus thermophilus t_101543Streptococcus thermophilus t_101543
Streptococcus thermophilus t_194383Streptococcus thermophilus t_194383

Revision editor(s): Ese

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