Correlations Between Amelioration of Rotenone-Induced Parkinson's Symptoms by Amomum tsaoko Flavonoids and Gut Microbiota in Mice

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Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by KateRasheed on 2025-6-23

study design

laboratory experiment

Citation

PMID PubMed identifier for scientific articles.

40004140

DOI Digital object identifier for electronic documents.

https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26041676

URI Uniform resource identifier for web resources.

Authors

Liu L, Zhao Y, Yang W, Han L, Mo X, Sheng J, Tian Y, Gao X

Journal

International journal of molecular sciences

Year

2025

Keywords:

Bifidobacterium, Desulfovibrio, Faecalibaculum, Lachnospiraceae, Provotellaceae, constipation, gastrointestinal dysfunction, gut barrier, inflammation, movement disorders

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, but the existing therapeutic drugs for PD have limitations; thus, there is an urgent need to discover new methods of prevention and treatment. Amomum tsaoko Crevost et Lemarie (AT) is a classic traditional Chinese medicine and food. Its main pharmacological effect is the regulation of the gastrointestinal tract. To date, no studies on the use of AT or its extracts to treat PD have been reported. In this study, a rotenone-induced PD mouse model was utilized to evaluate the protective effect of Amomum tsaoko flavonoids (ATFs) and to elucidate the role of the gut microbiota in this effect. The results demonstrated that ATFs not only ameliorated the motor and constipation symptoms but also reduced the loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. Furthermore, ATFs reduced the expression of inflammation-related genes (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, COX-2, and MCP-1) and increased the expression of gut barrier-related genes (Muc-2, ZO-1, Occludin, Claudin3, and Claudin4) in the colon. Notably, ATFs were able to reverse rotenone-induced gut dysbiosis, including a significant decrease in the abundance of conditionally pathogenic bacteria (Desulfovibrio, Provotellaceae UCG-001, the Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, norank_f_Erysipelotrichacea, and the Eubacterium nodatum group) and an increase in the abundance of probiotics (Bifidobacterium and Faecalibaculum). Interestingly, these genera were found to be significantly associated with PD motor symptoms and constipation indicators. This suggests that ATFs have the potential to alleviate PD symptoms through the modulation of gut microbes. These findings provide a solid foundation for further investigations into the anti-PD mechanism of ATFs and their potential in the prevention and treatment of PD.

Experiment 1

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Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by KateRasheed on 2025-6-23

Curated date: 2025/03/20

Curator: Jaymarv

Revision editor(s): Jaymarv, Tosin

Subjects

Location of subjects

China

Host species Species from which microbiome was sampled. Contact us to have more species added.

Mus musculus

Body site Anatomical site where microbial samples were extracted from according to the Uber Anatomy Ontology

Feces Cow dung,Cow pat,Droppings,Dung,Excrement,Excreta,Faeces,Fecal material,Fecal matter,Fewmet,Frass,Guano,Matières fécales@fr,Merde@fr,Ordure,Partie de la merde@fr,Piece of shit,Porción de mierda@es,Portion of dung,Portion of excrement,Portion of faeces,Portion of fecal material,Portion of fecal matter,Portion of feces,Portion of guano,Portion of scat,Portionem cacas,Scat,Spoor,Spraint,Stool,Teil der fäkalien@de,Feces,feces

Condition The experimental condition / phenotype studied according to the Experimental Factor Ontology

Traditional Chinese medicine type TCM type,Traditional Chinese medicine type,traditional Chinese medicine type

Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies

Combination of Normal chow diet (NCD) and Rotenone gavage (ROT) groups

Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies

Amomum tsaoko flavonoid (ATF) group

Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group

Mice given 30 mg/kg·BW of rotenone and 50 mg/kg·BW of ATFs.

Group 0 sample size Number of subjects in the control (unexposed) group

24

Group 1 sample size Number of subjects in the case (exposed) group

12

Lab analysis

Sequencing type

16S

16S variable region One or more hypervariable region(s) of the bacterial 16S gene

V3-V4

Sequencing platform Manufacturer and experimental platform used for quantifying microbial abundance

Illumina

Statistical Analysis

Data transformation Data transformation applied to microbial abundance measurements prior to differential abundance testing (if any).

relative abundances

Statistical test

LEfSe

Significance threshold p-value or FDR threshold used for differential abundance testing (if any)

0.05

MHT correction Have statistical tests be corrected for multiple hypothesis testing (MHT)?

No

LDA Score above Threshold for the linear discriminant analysis (LDA) score for studies using the popular LEfSe tool

2

Signature 1

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Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by KateRasheed on 2025-6-23

Curated date: 2025/04/12

Curator: Tosin

Revision editor(s): Tosin

Source: Figure 7D, S1A and S1B

Description: Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) of three groups NCD (normal chow diet), ROT (rotenone gavage), and ATF (Amomum tsaoko flavonoid) groups

Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Amomum tsaoko flavonoid (ATF) group

NCBI	Quality Control	Links
Acholeplasmataceae
Acholeplasmatales
Anaeroplasma
Butyricicoccaceae
Candidatus Izemoplasmatales
Coriobacteriales bacterium DNF00809
Eubacteriales
Eubacterium coprostanoligenes
Paludicola
UCG-009UCG-009
UCG-010UCG-010

Revision editor(s): Tosin

Experiment 2

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Curated date: 2025/04/12

Curator: Tosin

Revision editor(s): Tosin

Differences from previous experiment shown

Subjects

Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies

Combination of Amomum tsaoko flavonoid (ATF) and Rotenone gavage (ROT) groups

Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies

Normal chow diet (NCD) group

Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group

Mice in this group were administered sterilized ultrapure water (UP water).

Lab analysis

Statistical Analysis

Signature 1

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Curated date: 2025/04/12

Curator: Tosin

Revision editor(s): Tosin

Source: Figure 7D, S1A and S1B

Description: Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) of three groups NCD (normal chow diet), ROT (rotenone gavage), and ATF (Amomum tsaoko flavonoid) groups

Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Normal chow diet (NCD) group

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Acidimicrobiia
Alistipes
Bifidobacteriaceae
Bifidobacteriales
Bifidobacterium
Christensenella
Christensenellales
Clostridiaceae
Clostridium
Eubacteriales
Faecalibaculum
Parvibacter
Peptostreptococcaceae
Rikenellaceae
Ruminococcus
Christensenellaceae R-7 groupChristensenellaceae R-7 group
Coriobacteriaceae UCG-002Coriobacteriaceae UCG-002
Peptostreptococcales-TissierellalesPeptostreptococcales-Tissierellales
Christensenellaceae

Revision editor(s): Tosin

Experiment 3

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Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by KateRasheed on 2025-6-23

Curated date: 2025/04/13

Curator: Tosin

Revision editor(s): Tosin, MyleeeA

Differences from previous experiment shown

Subjects

Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies

Combination of Amomum tsaoko flavonoid (ATF) and Normal chow diet (NCD) groups

Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies

Rotenone gavage (ROT) group

Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group

Mice in this group was given 30 mg/kg·BW of rotenone.

Lab analysis

Statistical Analysis

Signature 1

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Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by KateRasheed on 2025-6-23

Curated date: 2025/04/13

Curator: Tosin

Revision editor(s): Tosin

Source: Figure 7D, S1A and S1B

Description: Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) of three groups NCD (normal chow diet), ROT (rotenone gavage), and ATF (Amomum tsaoko flavonoid) groups

Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Rotenone gavage (ROT) group

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Acetatifactor
Blautia
Desulfovibrio
Desulfovibrionaceae
Desulfovibrionales
Desulfovibrionia
Erysipelotrichaceae
Intestinimonas
Lachnospiraceae
Lachnospiraceae bacterium NK4A136
Lachnospirales
Marvinbryantia
Oscillospiraceae
Streptococcaceae
Streptococcus
[Eubacterium] nodatum
Thermodesulfobacteriota

Revision editor(s): Tosin

Experiment 4

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Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by KateRasheed on 2025-6-23

Curated date: 2025/04/13

Curator: Tosin

Revision editor(s): Tosin, MyleeeA

Differences from previous experiment shown

Subjects

Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies

Normal chow diet (NCD) group

Group 0 sample size Number of subjects in the control (unexposed) group

12

Lab analysis

Statistical Analysis

Statistical test

ANOVA

MHT correction Have statistical tests be corrected for multiple hypothesis testing (MHT)?

Yes

LDA Score above Threshold for the linear discriminant analysis (LDA) score for studies using the popular LEfSe tool

Not specified

Alpha Diversity

Shannon Estimator of species richness and species evenness: more weight on species richness

unchanged

Signature 1

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Curated date: 2025/04/13

Curator: MyleeeA

Revision editor(s): MyleeeA

Source: Figure 7E-H, Supplementary Figure 1c and 1D

Description: Differential microbial taxa abundant between Rotenone gavage (ROT) group and Normal chow diet (NCD) group.

Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Rotenone gavage (ROT) group

NCBI	Quality Control	Links
Blautia
Desulfovibrio
Desulfovibrionaceae
Intestinimonas
Lachnospiraceae
Lachnospiraceae bacterium NK4A136
Streptococcaceae
Thermodesulfobacteriota
[Eubacterium] nodatum
Prevotellaceae UCG-001Prevotellaceae UCG-001
Erysipelotrichaceae

Revision editor(s): MyleeeA

Signature 2

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Curated date: 2025/04/14

Curator: Tosin

Revision editor(s): Tosin

Source: Figure 7E-H, Supplementary Figure 1c and 1D

Description: Differential microbial taxa abundant between Rotenone gavage (ROT) group and Normal chow diet (NCD) group.

Abundance in Group 1: decreased abundance in Rotenone gavage (ROT) group

NCBI	Quality Control	Links
Acholeplasmataceae
Alistipes
Anaeroplasma
Bifidobacteriaceae
Bifidobacterium
Eubacterium ruminantium
Faecalibaculum
Parvibacter
Rikenellaceae
UCG-010UCG-010

Revision editor(s): Tosin

Experiment 5

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Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by KateRasheed on 2025-6-23

Curated date: 2025/04/13

Curator: MyleeeA

Revision editor(s): MyleeeA

Differences from previous experiment shown

Subjects

Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies

Rotenone gavage (ROT) group

Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies

Amomum tsaoko flavonoid (ATF) group

Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group

Mice given 30 mg/kg·BW of rotenone and 50 mg/kg·BW of ATFs.

Lab analysis

Statistical Analysis

Alpha Diversity

Shannon Estimator of species richness and species evenness: more weight on species richness

unchanged

Signature 1

EditHistoryDelete

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Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by KateRasheed on 2025-6-23

Curated date: 2025/04/14

Curator: MyleeeA

Revision editor(s): MyleeeA

Source: Figure 7E-H, Supplementary Figure 1c and 1D

Description: Differential microbial taxa abundant between Rotenone gavage (ROT) group and Amonum tsaoko flavonoid (ATF) group.

Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Amomum tsaoko flavonoid (ATF) group

NCBI	Quality Control	Links
Actinomycetota
Alistipes
Anaeroplasma
Bifidobacteriaceae
Bifidobacterium
Butyricicoccaceae
Candidatus Izemoplasmatales
Eubacterium coprostanoligenes
Eubacterium ruminantium
Faecalibacterium
Parvibacter
Rikenellaceae
UCG-010UCG-010
UCG-009UCG-009
Paludicola

Revision editor(s): MyleeeA

Signature 2

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Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by KateRasheed on 2025-6-23

Curated date: 2025/04/14

Curator: MyleeeA

Revision editor(s): MyleeeA

Source: Figure 7E-H, Supplementary Figure 1c and 1D

Description: Differential microbial taxa abundant between Rotenone gavage (ROT) group and Amonum tsaoko flavonoid (ATF) group.

Abundance in Group 1: decreased abundance in Amomum tsaoko flavonoid (ATF) group

NCBI	Quality Control	Links
Blautia
Desulfovibrio
Desulfovibrionaceae
Intestinimonas
Lachnospiraceae
Lachnospiraceae bacterium NK4A136
Streptococcaceae
Thermodesulfobacteriota
[Eubacterium] nodatum
Prevotellaceae UCG-001Prevotellaceae UCG-001
Erysipelotrichaceae

Revision editor(s): MyleeeA

Experiment 6

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Curated date: 2025/04/14

Curator: MyleeeA

Revision editor(s): MyleeeA

Differences from previous experiment shown

Subjects

Condition The experimental condition / phenotype studied according to the Experimental Factor Ontology

Weight percent Weight percent,weight percent

Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies

Fecal Weight (FW) Decreased

Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies

Fecal Weight (FW) Increased

Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group

The Fecal weight (FW) of the mice were determined within 6 h

Group 0 sample size Number of subjects in the control (unexposed) group

Not specified

Group 1 sample size Number of subjects in the case (exposed) group

Not specified

Lab analysis

Statistical Analysis

Statistical test

Spearman Correlation

Signature 1

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Curated date: 2025/04/14

Curator: MyleeeA

Revision editor(s): MyleeeA

Source: Figure 8b

Description: Correlations between differential genera and defecation parameters. The color at each point of intersection indicates the value of the r coefficient (n = 8).

Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Fecal Weight (FW) Increased

NCBI	Quality Control	Links
Bifidobacterium
Alistipes
Parvibacter
Eubacterium coprostanoligenes

Revision editor(s): MyleeeA

Signature 2

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Curator: MyleeeA

Revision editor(s): MyleeeA

Source: Figure 8b

Description: Correlations between differential genera and defecation parameters. The color at each point of intersection indicates the value of the r coefficient (n = 8).

Abundance in Group 1: decreased abundance in Fecal Weight (FW) Increased

NCBI	Quality Control	Links
Prevotellaceae UCG-001Prevotellaceae UCG-001
[Eubacterium] nodatum
Erysipelotrichaceae

Revision editor(s): MyleeeA

Experiment 7

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Curated date: 2025/04/14

Curator: MyleeeA

Revision editor(s): MyleeeA

Differences from previous experiment shown

Subjects

Condition The experimental condition / phenotype studied according to the Experimental Factor Ontology

Regulation of defecation Regulation of defecation,regulation of defecation

Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies

Fecal Number (FN) Decreased

Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies

Fecal Number (FN) Increased

Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group

The Fecal number (FN) of the mice were determined within 6 h

Lab analysis

Statistical Analysis

Signature 1

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Curator: MyleeeA

Revision editor(s): MyleeeA

Source: Figure 8b

Description: Correlations between differential genera and defecation parameters. The color at each point of intersection indicates the value of the r coefficient (n = 8).

Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Fecal Number (FN) Increased

NCBI	Quality Control	Links
Parvibacter

Revision editor(s): MyleeeA

Signature 2

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Revision editor(s): MyleeeA

Source: Figure 8b

Description: Correlations between differential genera and defecation parameters. The color at each point of intersection indicates the value of the r coefficient (n = 8).

Abundance in Group 1: decreased abundance in Fecal Number (FN) Increased

NCBI	Quality Control	Links
Erysipelotrichaceae

Revision editor(s): MyleeeA

Experiment 8

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Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by KateRasheed on 2025-6-23

Curated date: 2025/04/14

Curator: Tosin

Revision editor(s): Tosin

Differences from previous experiment shown

Subjects

Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies

Fecal black stool time (FBST) Decreased

Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies

Fecal black stool time (FBST) Increased

Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group

High levels of fecal black stool time

Lab analysis

Statistical Analysis

Signature 1

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Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by KateRasheed on 2025-6-23

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Curator: Tosin

Revision editor(s): Tosin

Source: Figure 8B

Description: Correlations between differential genera and defecation parameters. The color at each point of intersection indicates the value of the r coefficient (n = 8).

Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Fecal black stool time (FBST) Increased

NCBI	Quality Control	Links
Blautia
Desulfovibrio
Erysipelotrichaceae
Intestinimonas
Lachnospiraceae bacterium NK4A136
Prevotellaceae UCG-001Prevotellaceae UCG-001

Revision editor(s): Tosin

Signature 2

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Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by KateRasheed on 2025-6-23

Curated date: 2025/04/14

Curator: Tosin

Revision editor(s): Tosin

Source: Figure 8B

Description: Correlations between differential genera and defecation parameters. The color at each point of intersection indicates the value of the r coefficient (n = 8).

Abundance in Group 1: decreased abundance in Fecal black stool time (FBST) Increased

NCBI	Quality Control	Links
Bifidobacterium
Faecalibaculum
Paludicola
Parvibacter

Revision editor(s): Tosin

Experiment 9

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Revision editor(s): Tosin

Differences from previous experiment shown

Subjects

Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies

Fecal water content (FWC) Decreased

Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies

Fecal water content (FWC) Increased

Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group

High levels of fecal water content

Lab analysis

Statistical Analysis

Signature 1

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Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by KateRasheed on 2025-6-23

Curated date: 2025/04/14

Curator: Tosin

Revision editor(s): Tosin

Source: Figure 8B

Description: Correlations between differential genera and defecation parameters. The color at each point of intersection indicates the value of the r coefficient (n = 8).

Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Fecal water content (FWC) Increased

NCBI	Quality Control	Links
Bifidobacterium
Faecalibaculum

Revision editor(s): Tosin

Signature 2

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Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by KateRasheed on 2025-6-23

Curated date: 2025/04/14

Curator: Tosin

Revision editor(s): Tosin

Source: Figure 8B

Description: Correlations between differential genera and defecation parameters. The color at each point of intersection indicates the value of the r coefficient (n = 8).

Abundance in Group 1: decreased abundance in Fecal water content (FWC) Increased

NCBI	Quality Control	Links
Desulfovibrio
Erysipelotrichaceae
Lachnospiraceae bacterium NK4A136

Revision editor(s): Tosin

Experiment 10

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Curator: Tosin

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Differences from previous experiment shown

Subjects

Condition The experimental condition / phenotype studied according to the Experimental Factor Ontology

Increased intestinal transit time Increased intestinal transit time,increased intestinal transit time

Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies

Gastrointestinal transit rate Decreased

Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies

Gastrointestinal transit rate Increased

Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group

High levels of gastrointestinal transit rate

Lab analysis

Statistical Analysis

Signature 1

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Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by KateRasheed on 2025-6-23

Curated date: 2025/04/14

Curator: Tosin

Revision editor(s): Tosin

Source: Figure 8B

Description: Correlations between differential genera and defecation parameters. The color at each point of intersection indicates the value of the r coefficient (n = 8).

Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Gastrointestinal transit rate Increased

NCBI	Quality Control	Links
Bifidobacterium

Revision editor(s): Tosin

Signature 2

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Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by KateRasheed on 2025-6-23

Curated date: 2025/04/14

Curator: Tosin

Revision editor(s): Tosin

Source: Figure 8B

Description: Correlations between differential genera and defecation parameters. The color at each point of intersection indicates the value of the r coefficient (n = 8).

Abundance in Group 1: decreased abundance in Gastrointestinal transit rate Increased

NCBI	Quality Control	Links
Desulfovibrio
Erysipelotrichaceae
Intestinimonas

Revision editor(s): Tosin