Differences in salivary microbiome among children with tonsillar hypertrophy and/or adenoid hypertrophy
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Study information
-
Quality control
- Retracted paper
- Contamination issues suspected
- Batch effect issues suspected
- Uncontrolled confounding suspected
- Results are suspect (various reasons)
- Tags applied
study design
Citation
PMID PubMed identifier for scientific articles.
DOI Digital object identifier for electronic documents.
URI
Authors
Xu Y, Yu M, Huang X, Wang G, Wang H, Zhang F, Zhang J, Gao X
Journal
mSystems
Year
2024
Keywords:
16s rRNA sequencing, oral microbiome, tonsillar hypertrophy
Children diagnosed with severe tonsillar hypertrophy display discernible craniofacial features distinct from those with adenoid hypertrophy, prompting illuminating considerations regarding microbiota regulation in this non-inflammatory condition. The present study aimed to characterize the salivary microbial profile in children with tonsillar hypertrophy and explore the potential functionality therein. A total of 112 children, with a mean age of 7.79 ± 2.41 years, were enrolled and divided into the tonsillar hypertrophy (TH) group (n = 46, 8.4 ± 2.5 years old), adenoid hypertrophy (AH) group (n = 21, 7.6 ± 2.8 years old), adenotonsillar hypertrophy (ATH) group (n = 23, 7.2 ± 2.1 years old), and control group (n = 22, 8.6 ± 2.1 years old). Unstimulated saliva samples were collected, and microbial profiles were analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing of V3-V4 regions. Diversity and composition of salivary microbiome and the correlation with parameters of overnight polysomnography and complete blood count were investigated. As a result, children with tonsillar hypertrophy had significantly higher α-diversity indices (P＜0.05). β-diversity based on Bray-Curtis distance revealed that the salivary microbiome of the tonsillar hypertrophy group had a slight separation from the other three groups (P＜0.05). The linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) analysis indicated that Gemella was most closely related to tonsillar hypertrophy, and higher abundance of Gemella, Parvimonas, Dialister, and Lactobacillus may reflect an active state of immune regulation. Meanwhile, children with different degrees of tonsillar hypertrophy shared similar salivary microbiome diversity. This study demonstrated that the salivary microbiome in pediatric tonsillar hypertrophy patients had different signatures, highlighting that the site of upper airway obstruction primarily influences the salivary microbiome rather than hypertrophy severity.IMPORTANCETonsillar hypertrophy is the most frequent cause of upper airway obstruction and one of the primary risk factors for pediatric obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Studies have discovered that children with isolated tonsillar hypertrophy exhibit different craniofacial morphology features compared with those with isolated adenoid hypertrophy or adenotonsillar hypertrophy. Furthermore, characteristic salivary microbiota from children with OSA compared with healthy children has been identified in our previous research. However, few studies provided insight into the relationship between the different sites of upper airway obstruction resulting from the enlargement of pharyngeal lymphoid tissue at different sites and the alterations in the microbiome. Here, to investigate the differences in the salivary microbiome of children with tonsillar hypertrophy and/or adenoid hypertrophy, we conducted a cross-sectional study and depicted the unique microbiome profile of pediatric tonsillar hypertrophy, which was mainly characterized by a significantly higher abundance of genera belonging to phyla Firmicutes and certain bacteria involving in the immune response in tonsillar hypertrophy, offering novel perspectives for future related research.
Experiment 1
Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2025-1-10
Subjects
- Location of subjects
- China
- Host species Species from which microbiome was sampled. Contact us to have more species added.
- Homo sapiens
- Body site Anatomical site where microbial samples were extracted from according to the Uber Anatomy Ontology
- Saliva Sailva normalis,Saliva atomaris,Saliva molecularis,Salivary gland secretion,Saliva,saliva
- Condition The experimental condition / phenotype studied according to the Experimental Factor Ontology
- Hypertrophy Hypertrophy,hypertrophy
- Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies
- Control + Adenotonsillar hypertrophy (ATH) group
- Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies
- Tonsillar hypertrophy (TH)
- Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
- These are children diagnosed with severe tonsillar hypertrophy (TH). It was divided into larger tonsillar hypertrophy group THL (n = 26) and smaller tonsillar hypertrophy group THS (n = 20)
- Group 0 sample size Number of subjects in the control (unexposed) group
- 45
- Group 1 sample size Number of subjects in the case (exposed) group
- 46
- Antibiotics exclusion Number of days without antibiotics usage (if applicable) and other antibiotics-related criteria used to exclude participants (if any)
- 3 months
Lab analysis
- Sequencing type
- 16S
- 16S variable region One or more hypervariable region(s) of the bacterial 16S gene
- V3-V4
- Sequencing platform Manufacturer and experimental platform used for quantifying microbial abundance
- Illumina
Statistical Analysis
- Data transformation Data transformation applied to microbial abundance measurements prior to differential abundance testing (if any).
- relative abundances
- Statistical test
- LEfSe
- Significance threshold p-value or FDR threshold used for differential abundance testing (if any)
- 0.05
- MHT correction Have statistical tests be corrected for multiple hypothesis testing (MHT)?
- No
- LDA Score above Threshold for the linear discriminant analysis (LDA) score for studies using the popular LEfSe tool
- 2.0
- Matched on Factors on which subjects have been matched on in a case-control study
- age
Signature 1
Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2025-1-10
Source: FIG 2A-B
Description: Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) scores showing significant taxonomic differences among the Tonsillar hypertrophy (TH) group and ATH + control groups.
Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Tonsillar hypertrophy (TH)
Revision editor(s): Rahila, KateRasheed
Experiment 2
Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2025-1-10
Differences from previous experiment shown
Subjects
- Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies
- Control + Tonsillar Hypertrophy (TH) group
- Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies
- Adenotonsillar hypertrophy (ATH)
- Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
- The adenotonsillar hypertrophy (ATH) group consists of children who are diagnosed with Grade III tonsillar hypertrophy and Grade III or IV adenoid hypertrophy simultaneously
- Group 0 sample size Number of subjects in the control (unexposed) group
- 68
- Group 1 sample size Number of subjects in the case (exposed) group
- 23
Lab analysis
Statistical Analysis
Signature 1
Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2025-1-10
Source: FIG 2A-B
Description: Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) scores showing significant taxonomic differences among the adenotonsillar hypertrophy (ATH) group and TH + control groups.
Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Adenotonsillar hypertrophy (ATH)
| NCBI | Quality Control | Links |
|---|---|---|
| Atopobiaceae | ||
| Lancefieldella | ||
| Megasphaera micronuciformis | ||
| Segatella salivae | ||
| Veillonella atypica | ||
| Lancefieldella sp. |
Revision editor(s): Rahila, MyleeeA, KateRasheed
Experiment 3
Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2025-1-10
Differences from previous experiment shown
Subjects
- Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies
- TH + ATH groups
- Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies
- Control group
- Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
- Control group refers to children without tonsillar and/or adenoid hypertrophy.
- Group 0 sample size Number of subjects in the control (unexposed) group
- 69
- Group 1 sample size Number of subjects in the case (exposed) group
- 22
Lab analysis
Statistical Analysis
Signature 1
Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2025-1-10
Source: Fig. 2A-B
Description: Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) scores showing significant taxonomic differences among the adenotonsillar hypertrophy (ATH) + TH groups and control group.
Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Control group
| NCBI | Quality Control | Links |
|---|---|---|
| Centipeda periodontii | ||
| Segatella oulorum | ||
| Hoylesella loescheii | ||
| Lachnoanaerobaculum saburreum |
Revision editor(s): KateRasheed
Experiment 4
Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2025-1-10
Differences from previous experiment shown
Subjects
- Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies
- Control group
- Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies
- Tonsillar Hypertrophy (TH)
- Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
- Salivary microbial profile in children with a larger tonsillar hypertrophy group diagnosed with Grade III tonsillar hypertrophy
- Group 0 sample size Number of subjects in the control (unexposed) group
- 22
- Group 1 sample size Number of subjects in the case (exposed) group
- 46
Lab analysis
Statistical Analysis
- Statistical test
- Kruskall-Wallis
- LDA Score above Threshold for the linear discriminant analysis (LDA) score for studies using the popular LEfSe tool
- Not specified
Alpha Diversity
- Shannon Estimator of species richness and species evenness: more weight on species richness
- increased
- Chao1 Abundance-based estimator of species richness
- increased
- Richness Number of species
- increased
- Faith Phylogenetic diversity, takes into account phylogenetic distance of all taxa identified in a sample
- increased
Signature 1
Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2025-1-10
Source: Fig. 3A
Description: Differential abundance of taxa between control group and tonsillar hypertrophy; using Kruskal-wallis test
Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Tonsillar Hypertrophy (TH)
| NCBI | Quality Control | Links |
|---|---|---|
| Gemella | ||
| Dialister | ||
| Haemophilus |
Revision editor(s): KateRasheed
Experiment 5
Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2025-1-10
Differences from previous experiment shown
Subjects
- Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies
- Adenotonsillar hypertrophy (ATH)
- Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies
- Tonsillar hypertrophy (TH)
- Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
- The salivary microbial profile in children diagnosed with severe tonsillar hypertrophy (TH).
- Group 0 sample size Number of subjects in the control (unexposed) group
- 23
Lab analysis
Statistical Analysis
Alpha Diversity
- Shannon Estimator of species richness and species evenness: more weight on species richness
- unchanged
- Chao1 Abundance-based estimator of species richness
- increased
- Richness Number of species
- increased
- Faith Phylogenetic diversity, takes into account phylogenetic distance of all taxa identified in a sample
- increased
Signature 1
Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2025-1-10
Source: Fig. 3A
Description: Differential abundance of taxa between adenoid tonsillar group and tonsillar hypertrophy; using Kruskal-wallis test
Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Tonsillar hypertrophy (TH)
| NCBI | Quality Control | Links |
|---|---|---|
| Bacillus | ||
| Bifidobacterium | ||
| Filifactor | ||
| Gemella | ||
| Parvimonas | ||
| Treponema |
Revision editor(s): Rahila, KateRasheed
Signature 2
Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2025-1-10
Source: Fig. 3B
Description: Differential abundance of taxa between adenoid tonsillar group and tonsillar hypertrophy; using Kruskal-wallis test
Abundance in Group 1: decreased abundance in Tonsillar hypertrophy (TH)
| NCBI | Quality Control | Links |
|---|---|---|
| Veillonella | ||
| Prevotella | ||
| Anaeroglobus |
Revision editor(s): KateRasheed
Experiment 6
Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2025-1-10
Differences from previous experiment shown
Subjects
- Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies
- Adenoid hypertrophy (AH)
- Group 0 sample size Number of subjects in the control (unexposed) group
- 21
Lab analysis
Statistical Analysis
Alpha Diversity
- Shannon Estimator of species richness and species evenness: more weight on species richness
- unchanged
- Chao1 Abundance-based estimator of species richness
- increased
- Richness Number of species
- increased
- Faith Phylogenetic diversity, takes into account phylogenetic distance of all taxa identified in a sample
- increased
Signature 1
Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2025-1-10
Source: FIG 3A
Description: Significant taxonomic differences among the tonsillar hypertrophy (TH) group and adenoid hypertrophy (AH) group using Kruskal-Wallis test.
Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Tonsillar hypertrophy (TH)
| NCBI | Quality Control | Links |
|---|---|---|
| Bifidobacterium | ||
| Dialister | ||
| Gemella | ||
| Bacillus |
Revision editor(s): Rahila, KateRasheed
Experiment 7
Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2025-1-10
Differences from previous experiment shown
Subjects
- Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies
- Control group
- Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies
- Adenoid hypertrophy (AH)
- Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
- The adenoid hypertrophy (AH) group, comprises 21 children diagnosed with Grade III or IV adenoid hypertrophy through fibro-laryngoscopic examination
- Group 0 sample size Number of subjects in the control (unexposed) group
- 22
- Group 1 sample size Number of subjects in the case (exposed) group
- 21
Lab analysis
Statistical Analysis
Alpha Diversity
- Shannon Estimator of species richness and species evenness: more weight on species richness
- unchanged
- Chao1 Abundance-based estimator of species richness
- unchanged
- Richness Number of species
- unchanged
- Faith Phylogenetic diversity, takes into account phylogenetic distance of all taxa identified in a sample
- unchanged
Signature 1
Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2025-1-10
Source: Fig. 3A
Description: Significant taxonomic differences among the control group and adenoid hypertrophy (AH) group using Kruskal-Wallis test.
Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Adenoid hypertrophy (AH)
| NCBI | Quality Control | Links |
|---|---|---|
| Haemophilus |
Revision editor(s): KateRasheed
Experiment 8
Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2025-1-10
Differences from previous experiment shown
Subjects
- Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies
- Adenotonsillar hypertrophy (ATH)
- Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
- The adenotonsillar hypertrophy (ATH) group consists of children who are diagnosed with Grade III tonsillar hypertrophy and Grade III or IV adenoid hypertrophy simultaneously
- Group 1 sample size Number of subjects in the case (exposed) group
- 23
Lab analysis
Statistical Analysis
Alpha Diversity
- Shannon Estimator of species richness and species evenness: more weight on species richness
- unchanged
- Chao1 Abundance-based estimator of species richness
- unchanged
- Richness Number of species
- unchanged
- Faith Phylogenetic diversity, takes into account phylogenetic distance of all taxa identified in a sample
- unchanged
Signature 1
Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2025-1-10
Source: Fig. 3A
Description: Significant taxonomic differences among the ATH and control groups.
Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Adenotonsillar hypertrophy (ATH)
| NCBI | Quality Control | Links |
|---|---|---|
| Haemophilus |
Revision editor(s): KateRasheed
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