The intestinal microflora in allergic Estonian and Swedish 2-year-old children

Study information

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Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Peace Sandy on 2024-2-29

study design

prospective cohort

Citation

PMID PubMed identifier for scientific articles.

10202341

DOI Digital object identifier for electronic documents.

10.1046/j.1365-2222.1999.00560.x

URI

Authors

Björkstén B, Naaber P, Sepp E, Mikelsaar M

Journal

Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology

Year

1999

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of allergic diseases seems to have increased particularly over the past 35-40 years. Furthermore, allergic disease is less common among children in the formerly socialist countries of central and Eastern Europe as compared with Western Europe. It has been suggested that a reduced microbial stimulation during infancy and early childhood would result in a slower postnatal maturation of the immune system and development of an optimal balance between TH1- and TH2-like immunity. AIMS: To test the hypothesis that allergic disease among children may be associated with differences in their intestinal microflora in two countries with a low (Estonia) and a high (Sweden) prevalence of allergy. METHODS: From a prospective study of the development of allergy in relation to environmental factors, 29 Estonian and 33 Swedish 2-year-old children were selected. They were either nonallergic (n = 36) or had a confirmed diagnosis of allergy (n = 27) as verified by typical history and at least one positive skin prick test to egg or cow's milk. Weighed samples of faeces were serially diluted (10-2-10-9) and grown under anaerobic conditions. The counts of the various genera and species were calculated for each child. In addition, the relative amounts of the particular microbes were expressed as a proportion of the total count. RESULTS: The allergic children in Estonia and Sweden were less often colonized with lactobacilli (P < 0.01), as compared with the nonallergic children in the two countries. In contrast, the allergic children harboured higher counts of aerobic micro-organisms (P < 0. 05), particularly coliforms (P < 0.01) and Staphylococcus aureus (P < 0.05). The proportions of aerobic bacteria of the intestinal flora were also higher in the allergic children (P < 0.05), while the opposite was true for anaerobes (P < 0.05). Similarly, in the allergic children the proportions of coliforms were higher (P < 0. 05) and bacteroides lower (P < 0.05) than in the nonallergic children. CONCLUSIONS: Differences in the indigenous intestinal flora might affect the development and priming of the immune system in early childhood, similar to what has been shown in rodents. The role of intestinal microflora in relation to the development of infant immunity and the possible consequences for allergic diseases later in life requires further study, particularly as it would be readily available for intervention as a means for primary prevention of allergy by the administration of probiotic bacteria.

Experiment 1

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Curated date: 2021/01/10

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Revision editor(s): WikiWorks, Rimsha, Peace Sandy, Aleru Divine

Subjects

Location of subjects

Estonia

Sweden

Host species Species from which microbiome was sampled. Contact us to have more species added.

Homo sapiens

Body site Anatomical site where microbial samples were extracted from according to the Uber Anatomy Ontology

Feces Cow dung,Cow pat,Droppings,Dung,Excrement,Excreta,Faeces,Fecal material,Fecal matter,Fewmet,Frass,Guano,Matières fécales@fr,Merde@fr,Ordure,Partie de la merde@fr,Piece of shit,Porción de mierda@es,Portion of dung,Portion of excrement,Portion of faeces,Portion of fecal material,Portion of fecal matter,Portion of feces,Portion of guano,Portion of scat,Portionem cacas,Scat,Spoor,Spraint,Stool,Teil der fäkalien@de,Feces,feces

Condition The experimental condition / phenotype studied according to the Experimental Factor Ontology

Food allergy Food Hypersensitivity,Food intolerance,Food allergy,food allergy

Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies

Nonallergic Estonian children.

Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies

Allergic Estonian children.

Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group

2-year-old children with confirmed diagnosis of allergy

Group 0 sample size Number of subjects in the control (unexposed) group

16

Group 1 sample size Number of subjects in the case (exposed) group

13

16S variable region One or more hypervariable region(s) of the bacterial 16S gene

Not specified

Statistical Analysis

Data transformation Data transformation applied to microbial abundance measurements prior to differential abundance testing (if any).

relative abundances

Statistical test

T-Test

Significance threshold p-value or FDR threshold used for differential abundance testing (if any)

0.05

MHT correction Have statistical tests be corrected for multiple hypothesis testing (MHT)?

No

Signature 1

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Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Peace Sandy on 2024-2-29

Curated date: 2021/01/10

Curator: Lucy Mellor

Revision editor(s): WikiWorks, Peace Sandy

Source: Fig. 1

Description: Intestinal microflora of 13 allergic (grey) and 16 nonallergic (white) Estonian children. The results are presented as colonization rate (%, columns) and counts (log CFU/g, range and median, lines and filled symbols).

Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Allergic Estonian children.

NCBI	Quality Control	Links
Staphylococcus aureus

Revision editor(s): WikiWorks, Peace Sandy

Signature 2

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Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Peace Sandy on 2024-2-29

Curated date: 2021/01/10

Curator: Lucy Mellor

Revision editor(s): WikiWorks, Peace Sandy

Source: Fig. 1.

Description: Intestinal microflora of 13 allergic (grey) and 16 nonallergic (white) Estonian children. The results are presented as colonization rate (%, columns) and counts (log CFU/g, range and median, lines and filled symbols).

Abundance in Group 1: decreased abundance in Allergic Estonian children.

NCBI	Quality Control	Links
Bifidobacterium
Lactobacillus

Revision editor(s): WikiWorks, Peace Sandy

Experiment 2

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Curated date: 2024/02/29

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Revision editor(s): WikiWorks, Aleru Divine, Peace Sandy

Differences from previous experiment shown

Subjects

Condition The experimental condition / phenotype studied according to the Experimental Factor Ontology

Food allergy Food Hypersensitivity,Food intolerance,Food allergy,food allergy

Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies

Non-allergic Swedish children.

Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies

Allergic Swedish children

Group 0 sample size Number of subjects in the control (unexposed) group

19

Group 1 sample size Number of subjects in the case (exposed) group

14

Statistical Analysis

Signature 1

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Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Peace Sandy on 2024-2-29

Curated date: 2024/02/29

Curator: Peace Sandy

Revision editor(s): Peace Sandy, WikiWorks

Source: Fig. 2

Description: Intestinal microflora of 14 allergic (grey) and 19 nonallergic (white) Swedish children. The results are presented as colonization rate (%, columns) and counts (log CFU/g, range and median, lines and filled symbols).

Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Allergic Swedish children

NCBI	Quality Control	Links
Staphylococcus aureus

Revision editor(s): Peace Sandy, WikiWorks

Signature 2

EditHistoryDelete

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Your review change was submitted

Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Peace Sandy on 2024-2-29

Curated date: 2024/02/29

Curator: Peace Sandy

Revision editor(s): Peace Sandy, WikiWorks

Source: Fig. 2.

Description: Intestinal microflora of 14 allergic (grey) and 19 nonallergic(white) Swedish children. The results are presented as colonization rate (%, columns) and counts (log CFU/g, range and median, lines and filled symbols).

Abundance in Group 1: decreased abundance in Allergic Swedish children

NCBI	Quality Control	Links
Lactobacillus
Bifidobacterium

Revision editor(s): Peace Sandy, WikiWorks