The intestinal microflora in allergic Estonian and Swedish 2-year-old children
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Study information
-
Quality control
- Retracted paper
- Contamination issues suspected
- Batch effect issues suspected
- Uncontrolled confounding suspected
- Results are suspect (various reasons)
- Tags applied
study design
Citation
PMID PubMed identifier for scientific articles.
DOI Digital object identifier for electronic documents.
URI
Authors
Björkstén B, Naaber P, Sepp E, Mikelsaar M
Journal
Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology
Year
1999
BACKGROUND: The prevalence of allergic diseases seems to have increased particularly over the past 35-40 years. Furthermore, allergic disease is less common among children in the formerly socialist countries of central and Eastern Europe as compared with Western Europe. It has been suggested that a reduced microbial stimulation during infancy and early childhood would result in a slower postnatal maturation of the immune system and development of an optimal balance between TH1- and TH2-like immunity. AIMS: To test the hypothesis that allergic disease among children may be associated with differences in their intestinal microflora in two countries with a low (Estonia) and a high (Sweden) prevalence of allergy. METHODS: From a prospective study of the development of allergy in relation to environmental factors, 29 Estonian and 33 Swedish 2-year-old children were selected. They were either nonallergic (n = 36) or had a confirmed diagnosis of allergy (n = 27) as verified by typical history and at least one positive skin prick test to egg or cow's milk. Weighed samples of faeces were serially diluted (10-2-10-9) and grown under anaerobic conditions. The counts of the various genera and species were calculated for each child. In addition, the relative amounts of the particular microbes were expressed as a proportion of the total count. RESULTS: The allergic children in Estonia and Sweden were less often colonized with lactobacilli (P < 0.01), as compared with the nonallergic children in the two countries. In contrast, the allergic children harboured higher counts of aerobic micro-organisms (P < 0. 05), particularly coliforms (P < 0.01) and Staphylococcus aureus (P < 0.05). The proportions of aerobic bacteria of the intestinal flora were also higher in the allergic children (P < 0.05), while the opposite was true for anaerobes (P < 0.05). Similarly, in the allergic children the proportions of coliforms were higher (P < 0. 05) and bacteroides lower (P < 0.05) than in the nonallergic children. CONCLUSIONS: Differences in the indigenous intestinal flora might affect the development and priming of the immune system in early childhood, similar to what has been shown in rodents. The role of intestinal microflora in relation to the development of infant immunity and the possible consequences for allergic diseases later in life requires further study, particularly as it would be readily available for intervention as a means for primary prevention of allergy by the administration of probiotic bacteria.
Experiment 1
Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Peace Sandy on 2024-2-29
Subjects
- Host species Species from which microbiome was sampled. Contact us to have more species added.
- Homo sapiens
- Body site Anatomical site where microbial samples were extracted from according to the Uber Anatomy Ontology
- Feces Cow dung,Cow pat,Droppings,Dung,Excrement,Excreta,Faeces,Fecal material,Fecal matter,Fewmet,Frass,Guano,Matières fécales@fr,Merde@fr,Ordure,Partie de la merde@fr,Piece of shit,Porción de mierda@es,Portion of dung,Portion of excrement,Portion of faeces,Portion of fecal material,Portion of fecal matter,Portion of feces,Portion of guano,Portion of scat,Portionem cacas,Scat,Spoor,Spraint,Stool,Teil der fäkalien@de,Feces,feces
- Condition The experimental condition / phenotype studied according to the Experimental Factor Ontology
- Food allergy Food Hypersensitivity,Food intolerance,Food allergy,food allergy
- Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies
- Nonallergic Estonian children.
- Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies
- Allergic Estonian children.
- Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
- 2-year-old children with confirmed diagnosis of allergy
- Group 0 sample size Number of subjects in the control (unexposed) group
- 16
- Group 1 sample size Number of subjects in the case (exposed) group
- 13
- Antibiotics exclusion Number of days without antibiotics usage (if applicable) and other antibiotics-related criteria used to exclude participants (if any)
- NIL
- 16S variable region One or more hypervariable region(s) of the bacterial 16S gene
- Not specified
Statistical Analysis
- Data transformation Data transformation applied to microbial abundance measurements prior to differential abundance testing (if any).
- relative abundances
- Statistical test
- T-Test
- Significance threshold p-value or FDR threshold used for differential abundance testing (if any)
- 0.05
- MHT correction Have statistical tests be corrected for multiple hypothesis testing (MHT)?
- No
Signature 1
Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Peace Sandy on 2024-2-29
Source: Fig. 1
Description: Intestinal microflora of 13 allergic (grey) and 16 nonallergic (white) Estonian children. The results are presented as colonization rate (%, columns) and counts (log CFU/g, range and median, lines and filled symbols).
Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Allergic Estonian children.
| NCBI | Quality Control | Links |
|---|---|---|
| Staphylococcus aureus |
Revision editor(s): WikiWorks, Peace Sandy
Signature 2
Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Peace Sandy on 2024-2-29
Source: Fig. 1.
Description: Intestinal microflora of 13 allergic (grey) and 16 nonallergic (white) Estonian children. The results are presented as colonization rate (%, columns) and counts (log CFU/g, range and median, lines and filled symbols).
Abundance in Group 1: decreased abundance in Allergic Estonian children.
| NCBI | Quality Control | Links |
|---|---|---|
| Bifidobacterium | ||
| Lactobacillus |
Revision editor(s): WikiWorks, Peace Sandy
Experiment 2
Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Peace Sandy on 2024-2-29
Differences from previous experiment shown
Subjects
- Condition The experimental condition / phenotype studied according to the Experimental Factor Ontology
- Food allergy Food Hypersensitivity,Food intolerance,Food allergy,food allergy
- Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies
- Non-allergic Swedish children.
- Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies
- Allergic Swedish children
- Group 0 sample size Number of subjects in the control (unexposed) group
- 19
- Group 1 sample size Number of subjects in the case (exposed) group
- 14
Statistical Analysis
Signature 1
Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Peace Sandy on 2024-2-29
Source: Fig. 2
Description: Intestinal microflora of 14 allergic (grey) and 19 nonallergic (white) Swedish children. The results are presented as colonization rate (%, columns) and counts (log CFU/g, range and median, lines and filled symbols).
Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Allergic Swedish children
| NCBI | Quality Control | Links |
|---|---|---|
| Staphylococcus aureus |
Revision editor(s): Peace Sandy
Signature 2
Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Peace Sandy on 2024-2-29
Source: Fig. 2.
Description: Intestinal microflora of 14 allergic (grey) and 19 nonallergic(white) Swedish children. The results are presented as colonization rate (%, columns) and counts (log CFU/g, range and median, lines and filled symbols).
Abundance in Group 1: decreased abundance in Allergic Swedish children
| NCBI | Quality Control | Links |
|---|---|---|
| Lactobacillus | ||
| Bifidobacterium |
Revision editor(s): Peace Sandy
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