Smoking and salivary microbiota: a cross-sectional analysis of an Italian alpine population

Study information

Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Folakunmi on 2024-2-23

study design

cross-sectional observational, not case-control

Citation

PMID PubMed identifier for scientific articles.

37919319

DOI Digital object identifier for electronic documents.

10.1038/s41598-023-42474-7

URI

Authors

Antonello G, Blostein F, Bhaumik D, Davis E, Gögele M, Melotti R, Pramstaller P, Pattaro C, Segata N, Foxman B, Fuchsberger C

Journal

Scientific reports

Year

2023

The oral microbiota plays an important role in the exogenous nitrate reduction pathway and is associated with heart and periodontal disease and cigarette smoking. We describe smoking-related changes in oral microbiota composition and resulting potential metabolic pathway changes that may explain smoking-related changes in disease risk. We analyzed health information and salivary microbiota composition among 1601 Cooperative Health Research in South Tyrol participants collected 2017-2018. Salivary microbiota taxa were assigned from amplicon sequences of the 16S-V4 rRNA and used to describe microbiota composition and predict metabolic pathways. Aerobic taxa relative abundance decreased with daily smoking intensity and increased with years since cessation, as did inferred nitrate reduction. Former smokers tended to be more similar to Never smokers than to Current smokers, especially those who had quit for longer than 5 years. Cigarette smoking has a consistent, generalizable association on oral microbiota composition and predicted metabolic pathways, some of which associate in a dose-dependent fashion. Smokers who quit for longer than 5 years tend to have salivary microbiota profiles comparable to never smokers.

Experiment 1

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Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Folakunmi on 2024-2-23

Curated date: 2023/11/05

Curator: OdigiriGreat

Revision editor(s): WikiWorks, Folakunmi, OdigiriGreat, Tosin

Subjects

Location of subjects: Italy

Host species Species from which microbiome was sampled. Contact us to have more species added.: Homo sapiens

Body site Anatomical site where microbial samples were extracted from according to the Uber Anatomy Ontology: Mouth Adult mouth,Cavital oralis,Cavitas oris,Cavum oris,Mouth cavity,Oral region,Oral vestibule,Regio oralis,Rima oris,Stoma,Stomatodaeum,Trophic apparatus,Vestibule of mouth,Vestibulum oris,Mouth,mouth

Condition The experimental condition / phenotype studied according to the Experimental Factor Ontology: Smoking status measurement Smoking status measurement,smoking status measurement

Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies: Never smokers

Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies: Current smokers

Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group: Individuals who reported being smokers at the day of examination with daily smoking intensity at least 1 month prior to the visit.

Group 0 sample size Number of subjects in the control (unexposed) group: 880

Group 1 sample size Number of subjects in the case (exposed) group: 326

Antibiotics exclusion Number of days without antibiotics usage (if applicable) and other antibiotics-related criteria used to exclude participants (if any): 3 months

Lab analysis

Sequencing type: 16S

16S variable region One or more hypervariable region(s) of the bacterial 16S gene: V4

Sequencing platform Manufacturer and experimental platform used for quantifying microbial abundance: Illumina

Statistical Analysis

Data transformation Data transformation applied to microbial abundance measurements prior to differential abundance testing (if any).: raw counts

Statistical test: DESeq2

Significance threshold p-value or FDR threshold used for differential abundance testing (if any): 0.05

MHT correction Have statistical tests be corrected for multiple hypothesis testing (MHT)?: Yes

Confounders controlled for Confounding factors that have been accounted for by stratification or model adjustment: age, number of teeth measurement, sex

Alpha Diversity

Shannon Estimator of species richness and species evenness: more weight on species richness: unchanged

Chao1 Abundance-based estimator of species richness: unchanged

Inverse Simpson Modification of Simpsons index D as 1/D to obtain high values in datasets of high diversity and vice versa: unchanged

Richness Number of species: unchanged

Signature 1

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Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Folakunmi on 2024-2-22

Curated date: 2023/11/07

Curator: OdigiriGreat

Revision editor(s): OdigiriGreat, Folakunmi, WikiWorks

Source: figure 1

Description: Heatmap of the 44 genera diferentially abundant between Current and Never smokers

Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Current smokers

NCBI	Quality Control	Links
Actinomyces
Alloscardovia
Atopobium
Bacteroidia
Bifidobacterium
Bulleidia
Cryptobacterium
Dialister
Filifactor
Fretibacterium
Lactobacillus
Megasphaera
Mitsuokella
Mycoplasma
Rothia
Stomatobaculum
Treponema
Veillonella
uncultured Peptostreptococcus sp.

Revision editor(s): OdigiriGreat, Folakunmi, WikiWorks

Signature 2

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Curated date: 2023/11/07

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Source: figure 1

Description: Result of the Heatmap of the 44 genera diferentially abundant between Current and Never smokers.

Abundance in Group 1: decreased abundance in Current smokers

NCBI	Quality Control	Links
Abiotrophia
Aggregatibacter
Alloprevotella
Bergeyella
Candidatus Absconditibacteriota
Capnocytophaga
Cardiobacterium
Catonella
Fusobacterium
Haemophilus
Kingella
Lautropia
Leptotrichia
Neisseria
Ottowia
Peptococcus
Peptostreptococcus
Porphyromonas
uncultured Lachnospiraceae bacterium
uncultured Peptostreptococcus sp.
Ruminococcaceae_G-1Ruminococcaceae_G-1
Candidatus Altimarinota

Revision editor(s): OdigiriGreat, Folakunmi, WikiWorks

Experiment 2

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Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Folakunmi on 2024-2-23

Curated date: 2024/02/23

Curator: Folakunmi

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Differences from previous experiment shown

Subjects

Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies: Former smokers

Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group: Individuals who quit smoking 17.96 years on average

Group 1 sample size Number of subjects in the case (exposed) group: 395

Antibiotics exclusion Number of days without antibiotics usage (if applicable) and other antibiotics-related criteria used to exclude participants (if any): 2 months

Alpha Diversity

Shannon Estimator of species richness and species evenness: more weight on species richness: unchanged

Chao1 Abundance-based estimator of species richness: unchanged

Inverse Simpson Modification of Simpsons index D as 1/D to obtain high values in datasets of high diversity and vice versa: unchanged

Richness Number of species: unchanged