Modified Mediterranean-ketogenic diet modulates gut microbiome and short-chain fatty acids in association with Alzheimer's disease markers in subjects with mild cognitive impairment

From BugSigDB
Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2024-5-28
Citation
PMID PubMed identifier for scientific articles.
DOI Digital object identifier for electronic documents.
URI
Authors
Nagpal R, Neth BJ, Wang S, Craft S, Yadav H
Journal
EBioMedicine
Year
2019
Keywords:
Alzheimer, Dementia, Diet, High fat, Ketogenic, Microbiota, Nutrition, Short-chain fatty acids
BACKGROUND: Alzheimer's disease (AD) prevalence is increasing, but its etiology remains elusive. Gut microbes can contribute to AD pathology and may help identifying novel markers and therapies against AD. Herein, we examine how the gut microbiome differs in older adults with mild cognitive impairment compared to cognitively normal counterparts, and whether and how a modified Mediterranean-ketogenic diet (MMKD) alters the gut microbiome signature in association with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) AD biomarkers. METHODS: A randomized, double-blind, cross-over, single-center pilot study of MMKD versus American Heart Association Diet (AHAD) intervention is performed on 17 subjects (age: 64.6 ± 6.4 yr), of which 11 have mild cognitive impairment, while 6 are cognitively normal. Subjects undergo MMKD and AHAD intervention for 6-weeks separated by 6-weeks washout periods. Gut microbiome, fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and markers of AD in CSF including amyloid β (Aβ)-40 and Aß-42, total tau, and phosphorylated tau-181 (tau-p181) are measured at before and after diet interventions. FINDINGS: At baseline, subjects with normal vs. impaired cognition show no notable difference in microbiome diversity but several unique microbial signatures are detected in subjects with mild cognitive impairment. Proteobacteria correlate positively with Aβ-42: Aβ-40 while fecal propionate and butyrate correlates negatively with Aβ-42 in subjects with mild cognitive impairment. Several bacteria are differently affected by the two diets with distinct patterns between cognitively normal and impaired subjects. Notably, the abundance of Enterobacteriaceae, Akkermansia, Slackia, Christensenellaceae and Erysipelotriaceae increases while that of Bifidobacterium and Lachnobacterium reduces on MMKD, while AHAD increases Mollicutes. MMKD slightly reduces fecal lactate and acetate while increasing propionate and butyrate. Conversely, AHAD increases acetate and propionate while reducing butyrate. INTERPRETATION: The data suggest that specific gut microbial signatures may depict the mild cognitive impairment and that the MMKD can modulate the gut microbiome and metabolites in association with improved AD biomarkers in CSF.

Experiment 1


Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2024-5-28

Curated date: 2024/03/10

Curator: MyleeeA

Revision editor(s): MyleeeA, Scholastica

Subjects

Location of subjects
United States of America
Host species Species from which microbiome was sampled. Contact us to have more species added.
Homo sapiens
Body site Anatomical site where microbial samples were extracted from according to the Uber Anatomy Ontology
Feces Cow dung,Cow pat,Droppings,Dung,Excrement,Excreta,Faeces,Fecal material,Fecal matter,Fewmet,Frass,Guano,Matières fécales@fr,Merde@fr,Ordure,Partie de la merde@fr,Piece of shit,Porción de mierda@es,Portion of dung,Portion of excrement,Portion of faeces,Portion of fecal material,Portion of fecal matter,Portion of feces,Portion of guano,Portion of scat,Portionem cacas,Scat,Spoor,Spraint,Stool,Teil der fäkalien@de,Feces,feces
Condition The experimental condition / phenotype studied according to the Experimental Factor Ontology
Cognitive impairment Abnormality of cognition,Cognitive abnormality,Cognitive defects,Cognitive deficits,Cognitive impairment,Intellectual impairment,cognitive impairment
Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies
Cognitive Normal
Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies
Mild Cognitive Impairment
Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
Participants diagnosed with early Mild Cognitive Impairment (diagnosed using ADNI-2 criteria) randomly assigned to either a modified Mediterranean-ketogenic diet (MMKD) or an American heart association diet (AHAD) group
Group 0 sample size Number of subjects in the control (unexposed) group
6
Group 1 sample size Number of subjects in the case (exposed) group
11
Antibiotics exclusion Number of days without antibiotics usage (if applicable) and other antibiotics-related criteria used to exclude participants (if any)
None

Lab analysis

Sequencing type
16S
16S variable region One or more hypervariable region(s) of the bacterial 16S gene
V4
Sequencing platform Manufacturer and experimental platform used for quantifying microbial abundance
Illumina

Statistical Analysis

Data transformation Data transformation applied to microbial abundance measurements prior to differential abundance testing (if any).
relative abundances
Statistical test
LEfSe
Significance threshold p-value or FDR threshold used for differential abundance testing (if any)
0.05
MHT correction Have statistical tests be corrected for multiple hypothesis testing (MHT)?
No
LDA Score above Threshold for the linear discriminant analysis (LDA) score for studies using the popular LEfSe tool
2

Alpha Diversity

Shannon Estimator of species richness and species evenness: more weight on species richness
unchanged
Chao1 Abundance-based estimator of species richness
unchanged
Richness Number of species
unchanged
Faith Phylogenetic diversity, takes into account phylogenetic distance of all taxa identified in a sample
unchanged

Signature 1

Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2024-5-28

Curated date: 2024/03/10

Curator: MyleeeA

Revision editor(s): MyleeeA, Welile, Scholastica

Source: Fig. 1d-n and Result text

Description: Differences in the gut microbiome between subjects clinically diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) versus cognitively normal (CN) counterparts.

Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Mild Cognitive Impairment

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Coprococcus
Enterobacteriaceae
Phascolarctobacterium
Pseudomonadota
MogibacteriaceaeMogibacteriaceae

Revision editor(s): MyleeeA, Welile, Scholastica

Signature 2

Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2024-5-28

Curated date: 2024/03/10

Curator: MyleeeA

Revision editor(s): MyleeeA, Scholastica

Source: Fig. 1d-n and Result text

Description: Differences in the gut microbiome between subjects clinically diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) versus cognitively normal (CN) counterparts.

Abundance in Group 1: decreased abundance in Mild Cognitive Impairment

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Dialister

Revision editor(s): MyleeeA, Scholastica

Experiment 2


Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2024-5-28

Curated date: 2024/03/12

Curator: MyleeeA

Revision editor(s): MyleeeA, Scholastica

Differences from previous experiment shown

Subjects

Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies
Post American heart association diet (AHAD) in MCI
Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies
Post modified Mediterranean-ketogenic diet (MMKD) in MCI
Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
Participants diagnosed with early mild cognitive impairment (MCI) at endpoint of the modified Mediterranean-ketogenic diet (MMKD) intervention
Group 0 sample size Number of subjects in the control (unexposed) group
11

Lab analysis

Statistical Analysis

Alpha Diversity

Shannon Estimator of species richness and species evenness: more weight on species richness
unchanged
Chao1 Abundance-based estimator of species richness
unchanged
Richness Number of species
unchanged
Faith Phylogenetic diversity, takes into account phylogenetic distance of all taxa identified in a sample
unchanged

Signature 1

Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2024-5-28

Curated date: 2024/03/12

Curator: MyleeeA

Revision editor(s): MyleeeA, Scholastica

Source: Fig. 4 and Text

Description: Significant bacterial taxa at endpoint American heart association diet (Post-AHAD) intervention compared to endpoint modified Mediterranean-ketogenic diet (Post-MMKD) intervention

Abundance in Group 1: decreased abundance in Post modified Mediterranean-ketogenic diet (MMKD) in MCI

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Bifidobacteriaceae
Bifidobacterium

Revision editor(s): MyleeeA, Scholastica

Experiment 3


Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2024-5-28

Curated date: 2024/03/12

Curator: MyleeeA

Revision editor(s): MyleeeA, Scholastica

Differences from previous experiment shown

Subjects

Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies
Post American heart association diet (AHAD) in CN and MCI
Group 1 name Corresponds to the case (exposed) group for case-control studies
Post modified Mediterranean-ketogenic diet (MMKD) in CN and MCI
Group 1 definition Diagnostic criteria applied to define the specific condition / phenotype represented in the case (exposed) group
All Participants including cognitively normal (CN) and those diagnosed with early mild cognitive impairment (MCI) at endpoint of the modified Mediterranean-ketogenic diet (MMKD) intervention
Group 0 sample size Number of subjects in the control (unexposed) group
17
Group 1 sample size Number of subjects in the case (exposed) group
17

Lab analysis

Statistical Analysis

Alpha Diversity

Shannon Estimator of species richness and species evenness: more weight on species richness
unchanged
Chao1 Abundance-based estimator of species richness
unchanged
Richness Number of species
unchanged
Faith Phylogenetic diversity, takes into account phylogenetic distance of all taxa identified in a sample
unchanged

Signature 1

Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2024-5-28

Curated date: 2024/03/12

Curator: MyleeeA

Revision editor(s): MyleeeA, Scholastica

Source: Fig. 4

Description: Significant bacterial taxa at endpoint American heart association diet (Post-AHAD) intervention compared to endpoint modified Mediterranean-ketogenic diet (Post-MMKD) intervention

Abundance in Group 1: decreased abundance in Post modified Mediterranean-ketogenic diet (MMKD) in CN and MCI

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Bifidobacteriaceae
Bifidobacterium

Revision editor(s): MyleeeA, Scholastica

Experiment 4


Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2024-5-28

Curated date: 2024/03/17

Curator: MyleeeA

Revision editor(s): MyleeeA, Scholastica

Differences from previous experiment shown

Subjects

Group 0 name Corresponds to the control (unexposed) group for case-control studies
Pre modified Mediterranean-ketogenic diet (MMKD) in CN and MCI

Lab analysis

Statistical Analysis

Alpha Diversity

Shannon Estimator of species richness and species evenness: more weight on species richness
unchanged
Chao1 Abundance-based estimator of species richness
unchanged
Richness Number of species
unchanged
Faith Phylogenetic diversity, takes into account phylogenetic distance of all taxa identified in a sample
unchanged

Signature 1

Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2024-5-28

Curated date: 2024/03/17

Curator: MyleeeA

Revision editor(s): MyleeeA, Scholastica

Source: Suppl. Fig.4.

Description: Lefse analysis showing bacterial taxa contributing to the microbiome difference at baseline (pre) compared to endpoint (post) modified Mediterranean-ketogenic diet (MMKD)

Abundance in Group 1: increased abundance in Post modified Mediterranean-ketogenic diet (MMKD) in CN and MCI

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Lactococcus

Revision editor(s): MyleeeA, Scholastica

Signature 2

Reviewed Marked as Reviewed by Svetlana up on 2024-5-28

Curated date: 2024/05/28

Curator: Scholastica

Revision editor(s): Scholastica

Source: Suppl. Fig.4.

Description: Lefse analysis showing bacterial taxa contributing to the microbiome difference at baseline (pre) compared to endpoint (post) modified Mediterranean-ketogenic diet (MMKD)

Abundance in Group 1: decreased abundance in Post modified Mediterranean-ketogenic diet (MMKD) in CN and MCI

NCBI Quality ControlLinks
Actinomycetota
Bifidobacteriaceae
Bifidobacteriales
Bifidobacterium

Revision editor(s): Scholastica